Medical Management Of Traumatic Brain Injuries - 3402 Words

The Medical Management of Traumatic Brain Injuries: A Case Study Jennifer Buechler University of San Diego The Medical Management of Traumatic Brain Injuries: A Case Study Introduction Traumatic brain injury, or TBI, occurs when there is a sudden, direct injury to the head. This type of wound can result from a bump, blow, or jolt to the cranium. It may even result from the penetration of a foreign object into the brain tissue. Most TBI’s result from car accidents, sports injuries, blunt trauma, unintentional injuries and falls, with falls accounting for about 40% of all TBI injuries. Much like stroke patients, individuals suffering from traumatic brain injuries may have to live with a variety of detriments based on the location and extent of their injury. For example, patients can experience impaired sensation, vision, hearing, memory, processing skills or even emotional and behavioral functioning (Injury Prevention Control: Traumatic Brain Injury,† 2015) The purpose of this paper is to provide information regarding the pathophysiology, treatment and medical management of traumatic brain injuries. A case study will be supplied to facilitate di scussion of the topic. Pathophysiology Behind TBIs The pathophysiology of traumatic brain injuries can be slightly different depending on the type of injury that has occurred. For example, injuries can result from one of two primary mechanisms. The first is focal brain damage as a result of a type ofShow MoreRelatedTraumatic Brain Injuries In The Military. Usaace. Ncoa.1077 Words   |  5 Pages TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURIES IN THE MILITARY USAACE NCOA SSG Justin T. LaFountain 15ZSLC 17-002 SFC Maradol â€Æ' Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in the military are a tangible threat to the men and women of the United States military. Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan have created a spotlight on this injury, as the â€Å"signature injury†. Specific criteria makeup the definition of a TBI, which is certain symptoms and severity levels of those symptoms. Due to the capacity of this injury, the DepartmentRead MoreMedical Imaging Of Traumatic Brain Injuries Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesMedical Imaging of Traumatic Brain Injuries INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) consist of pathological intracranial features of alteration in brain function cause by an outside force. TBI’s have plagued emergency rooms in recent years. TBI’s are the number one cause for death and disability in American youth and young adults. The drastic increase in TBI prognosis has been credited to reasons such as; increased competitiveness in sports, increased speeds of automobiles and/or speed limitsRead MoreSelf Reported Pain And Pain Management Strategies Among Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury1593 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy are the self-reported pain and pain management strategies. The study was gathered included a group of veterans with traumatic brain injury. The authors did an exceptional job in advocating interest in the reading as well as the title. The abstract was quite straight-forward; it incorporated information regarding the purpose of the pilot study in measuring self-reported pain and pain management strategies among veterans with traumatic brain injury in a post acute recovery. The data was carriedRead MoreRecovery Time After Concussion Essay855 Words   |  4 Pageschance to avoid further injury after a concussion due to the complexity and variability in presentation of concussion symptoms. Keywords: Concussion, biomarkers, mild traumatic brain injury, tau, and blood test. Introduction Traumatic brain injuries, whether they occur on the football field, soccer field, ice hockey rink, boxing ring, or overseas in a war laden area, continue to be on the rise. This can be associated with athletes reporting their symptoms and trained medical professionals being ableRead MoreImaging Of Traumatic Brain Injuries Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesImaging of Traumatic Brain Injuries: An Investigative Report INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) consist of pathological intracranial characteristics of altered brain function cause by an outside force. TBI’s have plagued emergency rooms in recent years. TBI’s are the number one cause for death and disability in American youth and young adults. The drastic increase in TBI prognosis has been credited for reasons such as; increased competitiveness in sports, increased speeds of automobilesRead MoreThe Study Of The Pilot Study All Have Remarkable Educational Backgrounds1607 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy are the self-reported pain and pain management strategies. The study was gathered, included a group of veterans with traumatic brain injury. The authors did an exceptional job in advocating interest in the reading as well as the title. The abstract was quite straight-forward; it incorporated information regarding the purpose of the pilot study in measuring self-reported pain and pain management strategies among veterans with traumatic brain injury in a post acute recovery. The data was carriedRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesTraumatic Brain Injury Traumatic brain injury, also called acquired brain injury or simply head injury, is a result of a sudden blow to the head when an external force is applied causing a disruption of the physiological stability of the brain locally. It can also occur when an object pierces the skull and enters the brain tissue and when elevation in the intracranial pressure occurs and potentially dramatic changes in the blood flow within and to the brain. These changes may produce a diminishedRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury Essay885 Words   |  4 Pagespublic, commercial, or not-for-proï ¬ t sectors. Abstract Patients who present with a traumatic brain injury (TMI), are at greatest risk of developing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), which increases their death rate. The study of this article is to show the comparison of respiratory mechanics and the death rate with patients who present with a TMI and RDS with those patients who have RDS without a TMI, but other medical causes of the RDS. This study was performed in a 14-month period in a general intensiveRead MoreEssay On Traumatic Brain Injury1030 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Patients who present with a traumatic brain injury (TMI), are at greatest risk of developing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), which increases their death rate. The study of this article is to show the comparison of respiratory mechanics and the death rate with patients who present with a TMI and RDS with those patients who have RDS without a TMI, but other medical causes of the RDS. This study was performed in a 14-month period in a general intensive care and teaching unit in BrazilRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injuries772 Words   |  4 Pagespower of attorney? How would you pay for the medical bills? Questions the majority of people never even think of- you never think it could be you. Effects may be long term or short term, depending on the gravity of the incident. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem in the United States. Based on recent studies, on average, 1.7 million people endure a traumatic brain injury each year. The leading causes of Traumatic Brain Injuries are falls, motor vehicle accidents, struck

Taking Junk Food Out of Schools Free Essays

In recent years, more than a dozen states have considered setting legislation limitations for the accessibility of junk food in schools, most requiring vending equipment to be turned off during certain hours, off until the students lunch break, or increasing the coast of unhealthy foods to discourage students from purchasing it (Parents Advocating School Responsibilities) . In today’s society teenagers are 3 times likely to be overweight than the generation of our parents. According to the 2001 Surgeon General Report establishes that 14 percent of American youth are overweight (Surgeon General 2001). We will write a custom essay sample on Taking Junk Food Out of Schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is compared with 4 percent of American children in 1963. The correspondent also stated that 300,000 citizens pass away each year from obesity-related illnesses or circumstances made worse by obesity (Surgeon General 2001). The reason for not banning junk food in schools is more students will get in trouble for smuggling in the junk food than other rule breakings. Being able to enforce such a disallow would compel officials to go through a students locker, desk, book bag, desk and lunch boxes, taking up much needed time for the facilitator to teach and harming the students’ privacy. It should be up to parents on deciding what foods their children consume. If a child wants to have a little snack or sugary foods in their lunches they should be allowed to if it’s ok with their parents (Borkar 2011). Consumption of junk food is not bad if it’s done in moderation and can go well with a healthy diet. One advantage of allowing snack food in schools is that if adolescent does not bring a lunch carrier then he or she does not have to stay hungry and can simply have something to satisfy their appetite (Borkar 2011). How to cite Taking Junk Food Out of Schools, Essay examples

The Deadweight Loss

Question: HowThe Deadweight loss is caused? Answer: The Deadweight loss is caused by the increased toll, which is in turn the net cost to the society. The net cost to the society is also caused by the fall in the number of cars using the highway. The value of the deadweight loss is as follows:The remaining drivers paid the increased toll which is equal to (0.50 0.40) (40,000). This can be viewed as the transfer from the drivers to the government. (b) The savings of the government is equal to $25,000. This is mainly because the government purchased less concrete, which is counterbalanced by the reduction in surplus received by the producers of concrete. The size of the yearly loss of the producers of concrete is as follows:The usage of less concrete by the government leads to savings that is equal to$25,000 - $250$24,750.The reduction in the budgetary expenditure of the government provides a good approximation of the social value of the savings. It mainly results from the reduction in the procurement of concrete. Both the members as w ell as the non-members of the government who purchased the concrete will mainly gain from it as there has been a 50 percent in the price of the concrete. a) The marginal cost is $25 and it is independent of number of oil changes sold. Therefore, MC curve will be horizontal. The demand curve will be steeper as the price elasticity is less than 1 (Baumol and Blinder 2015). The social cost of hydrocarbon emission in air is $10, therefore, the supply curve (MC). This situation is represented in the following diagram. b) Due to tax imposition, the price of oil change will increase. The revenue of the chain of garages firm before tax imposition was $25 10000= $2,50,000 per year. Due to rise in price, the demand will also increase. The elasticity of demand is -0.5. Due to tax imposition change in price will be $10 per oil change. We know that, Price Elasticity = % Change in Quantity % change in Price.Therefore, % Change in Quantity = Price Elasticity % change in Price% change in Price= (Change in price previous price) 100 = (10 25) 100 = 40%Hence, % Change in Quantity = -0.5 40 = -20%The quantity will reduce by 20%. The changed quantity will be 10,000 (20/100) 10,000 = 10000- 2000 = 8000 oil changes per year. The revenue of the chain of garages firm after tax imposition is $35 8000= $2,80,000 per yearHence, the annual net benefit will be ($2,80,000 - $2,50,000) = $30,000In the absence of government intervention, the firm faces a deadweight loss that results from natural monopoly. It is a situation where one firm dominates the entire market. The natural monopoly arises because the firms cannot easily enter the market due to high cost and economies of scale. Deadweight loss is a situation where the society that includes consumer and producers face loss (Mallick 2014). Two government policies that can reduce the deadweight loss resulting from natural monopolies are:The first policy is to increase the competition in the market by opening new public sectors. New firms will help in reducing the unnecessary rise in the price therefore reducing the loss in consumer surplus. Hence, the firm will reach new equilibrium level where the price is equal to marginal cost and average cost. The second policy that the government can use is by giving subsidies to the producers to reduce the loss in producer surplus. Subsidies again will help in reducing price that in turn will reduce the deadweight loss faced by society (Mallick 2014). c) The main benefit of natural monopolies is cost advantage that it has. Cost advantage in case of large firm is known as economies of scale. It can be explained with a help of a diagram:$5 per hour is the minimum wage that is above the level of market clearing wage $4 per hour. The reservation wage is $1. At market, clearing wage 60 0 people are employed. At $5, the numbers of employed workers are 500 and unemployed workers are 300. Therefore, the supply of employees is 500 + 300 = 800.Due to change in policy, the surplus of the firm has been reduced by the area aihd. The dollar value of this area can be calculated by dcih + acd. (5-4) 500 + (5-4) (600-500) = 500 + 50 = $550Therefore, change in firms surplus is -$550. Due to change in policy, the surplus of the employees will be change from agi to dbgi. The new area dcih will be added to its surplus but it will loss an area of abc. The old surplus of the workers was agi = (4-1) 600= $900.At the minimum wage, the dcih= (5-4) 500 = $500 will be added and abc= acd = $50 will be subtracted from the previous surplus. The total change of workers surplus will be, $500 -$50= +$450. Therefore, the area acd and abc is going neither to firm nor to the employees. Therefore, the area abd is the total loss to the society. The dollar value of this loss is acd + abc= $ 50+ $50 = $100. Hence, deadweight loss due to the minimum wage policy is $100. Various factors affect the cost of building new road. This includes shifting of old gas stations from the older road to new routes. Shifting of gas stations has a heavy impact on the component of cost building of the new road. The factor includes building an appropriate place beside the road for the gas stations. Gas stations are built at a place where there is a provision for reservoirs to store the gas. The place should be safe and it should be easily accessible to the vehicles. The gas stations must have proper roads and facilities to deliver the gas to the vehicles. These requires high amount of manufacturing costs and the government had to build these provisions for the gas stations. The government also had to put up signboard and directions of the petrol pump, so that the vehicles can have an idea of the newly built petrol pumps. Another important factor that would be treated as a component of the c ost of building the new road is showing these petrol pump in the maps and GPRS system (Li et al. 2013). The government had to communicate with the respective departments to upgrade the locations of the new petrol pump. Another factor that could be treated as a component of the cost of building new road is demolishing the old petrol pumps and the carrying cost of the gas from the old stations to new stations. These factors require high safety measures. They are highly priced, thereby increasing the cost of building. In the case of the society, the cost-benefit analysis is a logical method that helps a society to make a decision related to any complicated issue. The cost-benefit analysis is mainly based on the cost of action compared to its benefit. The increased sales of the local business can be assessed by calculating as well as considering the benefits against the cost. In this case, the analyst needs to consider the relevant period of time (Roosen 2014).The analyst needs to estab lish the base as well as the relevant period in order to calculate the cost and the benefit. The local business will be benefited from the Raven games if the marginal benefit equals the marginal cost. In the above diagram, it can be seen that the marginal cost equals the marginal benefit at the point Q. The surplus is highest at the equilibrium that is at point 1. At this point, the marginal benefit will be less than the marginal cost. However, at point -1 the marginal benefit will more than the marginal cost and as a result, the surplus will be lost. This will in turn lead to inefficiency. The welfare mothers are required to pay only $3 every day for a child. However, this service requires the welfare mothers to wait for a longer period. The welfare mother agrees to wait for that long, which suggests that the welfare mothers have the willingness to pay over $3 each day in order to acquire this service. As a result, the welfare mother who gets the benefit of day care service by rece iving the service will consider this service valuable of more than $30,000. However, none of the welfare mothers has the willingness to pay $30 for a child on each day basis. This in turn suggests the value that the value received by the welfare mothers is less than $30,000. The welfare mothers who are not willing to pay the amount cannot be forced to do so due to the lack of the information and the benefits of the program. Thus, it can be concluded that the welfare mothers have the probability to be substantial over either $3,000 or less than $3,000. a) The revenue of the municipality is Price Quantity.The revenue of the municipality when it charges no admission fee for the hockey arena is ($0 300) = $0. The area ADF is entirely obtained by the visitors.The revenue of privately owned hockey arena that charges $5 for admission is, ($5 100) =$500. The area BCDE is the revenue collected by the privately owned hockey arena. b) The demand curve indicates that the price and quantity a re inversely related to each other, as price rises from zero the number of visitors falls. In future, the privately owned hockey arena will prefer to charge admission fee rather than no admission fee. This is because; with no admission fee, the number of visitors will be higher but the firm will earn no benefit from the hockey arena. If it charges some admission fee above the $0, it will gain revenue, i.e. gross benefit from the hockey arena. However, the benefits of the visitors will be decreased. Due to imposition of admission fee, the quantity that is the number of visitors will be reduced. If the price is too high, there will be no visitors and the gross benefit will be zero again (Eggert et al. 2014). Hence, the private hockey arena will charge a price, where it can maximize its gross benefit. The obligation of the import tax will have the effect on the domestic oil market that is given as follows:The quantity consumption and its change:-1 = ( q / p) (p/q) q = (-1) p (q / p) q = (- 1) ($ 30) (6 billion) / ($ 90) q = - 2 billion. Domestic supply and its change for oil: 0.25 = ( q / p) (p / q) q = (0.25) p (q / p) q = (0.25) ($30) (3 billion) / ($90) q = 0.25 billion. The imposition of the import fee leads the domestic consumption to fall to 5.8 billion barrel per year. The domestic production will rise to 3.25 billion barrels per year. Imposition of import fees will lead the imports to fall to 2.55 billion barrels per year (5.8 billion 3.25 billion). The four simple methods that can be used to predict the impact of demand and supply curve when it is not available are given below:a) On getting an idea about the equilibrium price and quantity of the object, the demand and supply of that object could be predicted from the equilibrium point of price and quantity. Example: Suppose that the demand and supply curve of rice for a country is unavailable. The equilibrium price and quantity of the rice of that country is determined (Baumeister and Peersman 2 013). The demand and supply of rice is predicted from this equilibrium point.b) On knowing the surplus and shortages of any object, the demand and supply of that object could be predicted. Example: On considering the country Nigeria, there is shortage of food whereas the population is high. It can be predicted that the demand of food is high whereas there is a shortage of supply of food.c) Seeing the impact of change in equilibrium of price and quantity, the demand and supply of the object could be predicted.Example: Change in the price of oil globally helps to predict the demand and supply of oil in the world. d) Knowing the circular flow model of the product gives an overview about the impact of the demand and supply.Example: Circular flow model of sales of cars gives an idea about the impact of demand and supply of cars. References Baumeister, C. and Peersman, G., 2013. Time-varying effects of oil supply shocks on the US economy.American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics,5(4), pp.1-28.Baumol, W.J. and Blinder, A.S., 2015. Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning.Eggert, A., Hogreve, J., Ulaga, W. and Muenkhoff, E., 2014. Revenue and profit implications of industrial service strategies. Journal of Service Research, 17(1), pp.23-39.Li, Y.Y., Chen, P.H., Chew, D.A.S., Teo, C.C. and Xu, Y.Q., 2013. Project Management Factors Affecting Green Building Projects: Case Study of Singapore. InApplied Mechanics and Materials (Vol. 357, pp. 2346-2352). Trans Tech Publications.Mallick, N.C., 2014. Applications of Price Gap and Adjustment Weights in Analyzing a Natural Monopoly with a Linear Decreasing Marginal Cost Function. Available at SSRN 2431538.Roosen, J., 2014. Cost-Benefit Analysis. In Risk-A Multidisciplinary Introduction (pp. 309-331). Springer International Publishing.

Schools and Good Diet

Obesity is one of the common health complications in most school going children, a fact attributed to the poor eating habits adopted by most children and the fact that most school programs have failed to provide students with adequate knowledge on correct eating habits. Most obese children have other health complications, which include high blood pressure, diabetes, and other cardiovascular problems, resulting from the accumulation of fats in the body.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Schools and Good Diet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Currently in the U.S., the overweight problem among schoolchildren is even becoming a national security threat, because the federal government cannot find suitable army recruits (in terms of size and weight) to replace retiring, old and dead soldiers (Spillius, 2010 p.1). Considering this and the fact that students spend most of their teenage life in school, there is need for sch ools to put into practice all they preach to students on the importance of healthy diets. Most of the foods in most American schools’ cafeterias and vending machines are junk, and the fact that most cafeteria menus do not encourage consumption of healthy diets has made the scenario worse; hence, the current obesity status of most school-going children. In addition, because school administrations run such eateries, or the same school administrations have some form of control over what such eateries sale, most school’s efforts to eliminate the consumption of junk foods have failed. Considering this, sometimes it is very questionable whether school administrations are very serious in their war on the sale of junk foods and the need of a healthy society. Although in most cases people associate obesity with parent’s inability to guide their children on healthy diets, it is important to note that schools have the greatest role of educating children as far as their hea lth is concerned. This is the case primarily because, as compared with times spent with parents or guardians, children spend more of their time in school; hence, the school environment plays a crucial role in shaping children’s attitude on maintenance of a healthy body. Sometimes it is very illogical why some schools can sign contracts with junk or unhealthy food supplying companies. On the other hand, the scenario even becomes very ironical, because of the fact that, the same schools that encourage the need for students to be healthy are the same schools that are main beneficiaries of such deals. This case is common in many American schools in states for example, Ontario where some school’s boards signed deals worth million dollars with food supplying companies to provide soft drinks and junk foods (Wolf Clinic, 2010, Para. 8-10). These like dealings are obstacles to any communal and governmental effort to minimize the consumption of unhealthy foods, because societal institutions that should support such efforts are the major obstacles.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore considering school influences as far as the children’s diet is concerned; there is need for schools to integrate in their programs measures, which will ensure students reduce the consumption of junk food and other high caloric foods. It is important to note that, such efforts to encourage consumption of good and healthy foods will be fruitless, with the same schools doing the opposite. That is to discourage the consumption of junk foods, schools administrations should aim first to eliminate the many vending machines and cafeterias, which sell junk foods from schools. In addition to elimination of such vending machines, schools should integrate in their curriculums appropriate healthy eating lessons, for it is the primary way of showing concern and dedication i n eliminating the vice from schools. On the other hand, there is need for schools to include in their menus healthy diets, because it will be of no significance for schools to eliminate eateries that sale junk foods while maintaining their junk diets (Sharma, 2010, p.1). Reference List Sharma, S. (2010). Practice what you preach. Health. Web. Spillius, A. (2010). Obesity among U.S. schoolchildren a risk to national security. The Telegraph. Web. Wolf Clinic. Stop child abuse: â€Å"Junk, the Junk food†. Web. This essay on Schools and Good Diet was written and submitted by user Bib Fortuna to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Age Of Innocence Essays

The Age Of Innocence Essays The Age Of Innocence Essay The Age Of Innocence Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: The Age Of Innocence The age of innocence is a book on choices. It is the story of how the character Newland Archer finds himself happily engaged to May Welland a beautiful young woman who happens to be sophisticated, polite and well mannered, and it certainly does not hurt that she is an aristocrat. He believes that he has finally found what he was looking for and is looking for a life of blissful happiness with her. He then meets Countess Ellen Olenska, May’s cousin from America, who is in the process of separation from her husband who he finds to be beautiful but lacking charm. At first, he is concerned that his innocent young fiancee is sitting next to a woman whose morals he considers questionable notwithstanding the fact that they are cousins. He has heard gossip among men and is surprised by rumors of her infidelity toward her husband, whom she is planning to divorce. The beginning of the book the author sets a scene of elegance, affluence where the author distinguishes between what is proper in that time and age, and what is distasteful conduct. She also shows the close bond between Archer and May, which is evident in the fact that even through non-verbal communication they understand each other perfectly and are in harmony. The author also shows that acceptance into this â€Å"club† is characterized by affluence, good etiquette and how well one can conceal their unpleasant side. Archer considers his own good fortune at his engagement to May who he deems perfect. On the subject of Ellen’s divorce, He opines that it should be granted as he advocates that she is deserving of the same rights, as any man should. He listens to Ellen’s critiques and opinions and though he feels they should not be brought up, he nonetheless finds them insightful. He also muses that his fiancee is a product of the society she was brought up in, and regards her as so bonded with her lifestyle that anything different would be unsuited to her persona. As Archer learns more of Ellen’s background, he becomes somewhat sympathetic toward her. Ellen narrates to him how it feels when the society in new York wishes her to be someone she is not. Moreover, she states that the reason society imposes this on her is that it causes them discomfort to view anything different than what they are used to. She believes that the society judges her more harshly than necessary. While ke en to fit into the New York scene, she is not willing to subject her personality to any changes. After a spell, bored of the monotony of his life, Archer tries to convince May to move up the wedding date even suggesting elopement, which May finds funny. Here, he begins to view her imperfections are such that she cannot even think for herself going as far as comparing her to a cavefish. He thinks her too set in her ways. Meanwhile, he comes across a letter that would be damaging to Ellen’s reputation and attempts to convince Ellen’s husband not to go through with his intended divorce. The letter makes Archer judgmental of Ellen, and he views her disdainfully due to the allegations of adultery against her. Archer watches a scene, which particularly moves him and makes him contemplate his relationship with Ellen. In the scene, he watches an actor turn back and not notice her lover kissing a ribbon that hangs from her neck. This reminds him of his and Ellen’s relationship, which he feels, is filled with chances that were missed and which he cannot reclaim. Archer meets his friend Ned, a failed author and during their conversation, he is reminded of how narrow and constricted his own life is. Archer joins May on vacation and is happy to see her, but his mind is dulled by the simplicity of her’s. He again tries to convince her to shorten their engagement. She mentions to him that he is trying to do so because he may still be in love with a past mistress. Archer meets Ellen after he comes back from his vacation and states his love for her, telling her that he would break off his engagement, and she would finalize her divorce, and they would be together. Ellen refuses this stating that she would not like to cause anyone pain. She asks him to be practical and after he states that, he would rather see her dead than return to her husband she states, â€Å"You say that because it’s the easiest thing to say at this moment- not because it’s true.† After the Archers’ wedding, while on honeymoon, archer is still surprised by May’s naivete and gives up on her stating, â€Å"There was no use in trying to educate a wife who had not the dimmest notion that she was not free.† Their honeymoon is three months long and Archer slowly forgets Ellen referring to her as a â€Å"ghost†. On return to New York, he is sent by Ellen’s grandmother to go see her. He finds her at a beach with her back to him and states that he will not go to her if she does not turn to face him. After she refuses, he leaves her alone, mentally ending his relationship with her. Archer is soon bored of the repetitiveness of his married life. He decides to visit the country hoping to bump into Ellen there, but does not find her. He decides to go to Boston on business where he runs into Ellen. He questions her about the day on the beach, and she states that she purposely did not turn back. She reveals to him that her husband is offering a vast amount for her return and that she is considering it. She also reveals to be heartbroken about their separation and claims that she cannot even return to Europe because she does not wish to be far from him. Ellen and May become friends to the delight of Archer. Ellen stays close to take care of her grandmother who has had a stroke and Archer is glad that she is close. Abruptly, Ellen leaves and May reveals to Archer that she is pregnant. She then tells him that she had told Ellen of her pregnancy tow weeks earlier. It becomes clear to Archer during Ellen’s farewell party that everyone thought they had been having an affair for years and this surprised. May dies of pneumonia abruptly after nursing their youngest son back to health. At the end of the book, we see that Archer had misjudged May too harshly. He saw her as a naive, foolish woman whose only assets were her beauty but it seems that she was much more perceptive that he gave her credit. May was on many occasions able to deduce Archer’s feelings, and this is most clearly seen at the end, when her son tells his father that she had once â€Å"made him give up what he wanted most† referring to his relationship wi th Ellen, which she had known about.

Challenges Faced by Managers in the Public Sector

Challenges Faced by Managers in the Public Sector There are different levels of management in the three different sectors of the economy. There are non-managerial employees, first-line managers, middle managers and the top managers. Robbins et al ;( 2009). This essay will critically evaluate the challenges faced by managers in the public sector organisations. The essay will assess the roles of the manager in this sector and the difficulties managers encounter whilst carrying out their duties. The challenges posed by organisational structure and design with an example from the Northampton Borough Council, the issues due to the organisational culture, privatisation of some of the public sector services, the strategic management of the public sector and the complexities due to the constant changing environment in which these organisations operate, and the challenges to managers of the most recent comprehensive budget cuts, will be evaluated in this essay. The typical roles of a manager in any organisation is to organise, lead, plan an d control the activities of the people and other resources within it towards achieving the objectives of that organisation; Naylor (2004). The role a manager plays is dependent on the level of management position although each level has its challenges. At the senior level, the manager’s role is much broader and in depth and it requires creativity and innovativeness; Robbins et al (2009). The senior manager is involved in decision making, strategic management planning and control, the manager, at this level of management is expected to have an understanding of all areas of the organisation to enable sensible handling of any given situation Hanagan;(2008). The role of the manager did not change in the 21st century rather the method of carrying out the above mentioned roles are different, for instance the manager has to organise work differently, communication is more sophisticated such as, the use of internet, mobile telephones and e-mail. In recent times, the management of cha nge is considered as the most important skill of management due to the pace of change in the 21st century Hanagan, (2008).The rapid changes in technology, enormous improvements in communication, the increase in focus on global economy, and the environment are issues to the modern day manager. In addition to the above, the role of the manager in the public sector is challenged by the constant changes in legislation and political policies subject to government in power Hanagan (2008). An organisation is an arrangement which has been set up for a particular purpose. Robbins et al (2009). Different organisations belong to different sectors of the economy. There are three sectors; the public, the private and the third sector such as social enterprises. This three sectors have some common characteristics which are: they all have distinct purpose, each organisation is made up of people, and all create a structure within which the people could carry out their duties Robbins et al(2009). Org anisations are grouped as public sector depending on certain factors such as; how much the organisation competes with similar organisations, goods and services are charged indirectly and how much it allows itself to be influenced by demand and supply of goods and services. The less such organisations are influenced by the above factors the more the organisations are considered as public sector organisations Hanagan (2008). Instances of these organisations are; Local Government council, Libraries, the National Police Force, the Defence Ministry, Colleges and Universities. The common features of these organisations are; they are set up to fulfil specific purposes, they are service motivated, they are accountable to many stakeholders and the public, they carry out their duties for the good of the people and they are funded through the use of taxpayers’ money. Avery important challenge to a manager whether in the public sector or in the private sector is to be aware of their rele vant stakeholders and operate the organisation in ways which will yield maximum returns to each stakeholder group Bloisi et al (2007).

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS - Essay Example Further, childhood obesity increases the children’s vulnerability to cardiovascular diseases. The major cause of childhood obesity, being consumption of foods with high levels of calories, however induces both legal and ethical concerns. This is because different stakeholders such as the government, the fast food industry, and parents have a responsibility to protect children from the identified health risk factors. The government should for example enact strict laws to regulate level of calories in produced foods while the industry should outline ethical measures for protecting children. Judicial implementation of the regulations would greatly solve the childhood obesity issue. The opinion that public health has currently thrived more that in old days is true and consistent with the high living standard that has led to higher life expectancy. Such developments in public health are however attributable to public health policies that are legally formulated and enforced to ensure that individuals right to life is protected by the government. Established legal measures and ethical standards in public health have also ensured immediate and adequate

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Sociology - Essay Example We dint even bother about our luggage and the hotel people did all that to us and we just got to enter the room and relax. Since we knew English, it was easy for me to converse with the people over there. The only problem that I faced was the food and even that wasn’t an insurmountable problem because we always had different kinds of breads and egg and juices to fill our stomach when their dry preparations weren’t interesting enough for us. We went for site seeing and all with a tourist guide the night cruise in the Nile was simply fantabulous. We dint have problem washing our clothes because we were back to our room by 6 pm and we had enough time. My trip to Israel needs to be explained because that was the place where we saw ladies who were identical to the Virgin Mary. Their flawless skin and the glittering pink colour made me look at them without a wink. But one disappointment was that, when I was going through the shops along the way of the cross I bought some small memento like key chains and metal articles which were very expensive and only later I came to know that it wasn’t worth that amount. Then we left for Jordan and the greeneries and the flowers there impressed me a lot. The people all over the Middle East weren’t all the same in making us feel at

Buddhist schools Essay Example for Free

Buddhist schools Essay The earliest and the most basic form of schools were Theravada and Mahayana which have been derived from the basic teachings of Buddha. These are actually same teachings but with different interpretations. Both of them have Dharma which is the basic teaching of Buddha. Both of these schools have some animosity between them. All the southern Asian countries and Vietnam have accepted the principles of Theravada. Any differences between the schools are minor matters are do not hinder in one basic belief of Buddha’s teachings. It is one of the earliest forms of teaching found in the history of Buddhism and is one of the most orthodox also . Theravada school emphasizes on meditation and helps in understanding the psychological nature of a human being. According to Mahayana school of teachings, salvation can only be achieved if we trust Amitabha. Such person longs to be born in the paradise, because he has done good deeds and followed the teachings of Buddha. The philosophy of this school is very unique. According to them in order to gain enlightenment a person should inward and not outward. Intuition is one thing this school emphasizes upon, as intuition is purely inward. Mahayana was previously known as Mahasanghikas and after a few decades of its formation it became so popular that it revolutionized the Buddhist teachings. Sutra and Vinaya were translated according to them, and in the due process they also had to reject some texts. The Mahayana philosophy grew more with the concept that Buddhas are lokottara. This means that they are connected to the world only by some external force and it has no impact internally . Why did Mahayana become more accepted? It is because the Mahayana ritual and imagery attracted the Vietnamese. Its ceremonies were in conformity with original Vietnamese beliefs and rituals. This school of Buddhism also combined folklore with Taoist teachings. The enlightened ones in Buddhism were respected as animist spirits. In 7th century C. E, Mahayana school became a little more developed. It was then called Vajrayana. This had an influence of Hinduism also but had similar teachings as of Mahayana. The aim of Vajrayana is the same as that in Mahayana, that is to attain Buddhahood, but the tantric practices showed a quick way to achieve this end . CONCLUSION From very early period Buddhists are concerned about education. In third century almost 9 Dhamma missionaries were sent to different areas of south East Asia in order to teach people about Buddhism . This is the oldest example telling Buddhists concern about Buddhist studies. These 9 Dhamma missionaries started a wave of missionaries. These were sent to Sri Lanka, Thailand and china etc. Today, due to these missionaries and Buddhist schools, Buddhists are present in very corner of the world. Vietnamese Buddhist education leaders are very much concerned about the global demands and needs of Buddhist education. In 1975, when the country got united, there already was a higher education institution in South; it was named Van Hanh University. This university was popular internationally and had close interaction with many other universities of the world. After 1980s two advanced schools were established in Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City. These schools trained monks and nuns at B. A level. Due to growing demand these two higher education schools were later turned in to universities. These now trained monks and nuns at not only undergraduate level but also postgraduate level. In 1997, one more Buddhist university was formed, this time in Hue city. Today, there are almost 40, 000 monks and nuns. There are almost six colleges and 31 high schools teaching Buddhism . Buddhism has made great progress in Vietnam. A national calligraphic system which replaced Chinese was also introduced. This helped everybody get on the same platform and understand each other well. Before that it was difficult to have the entire nation on the same page, as the Vietnamese language lacked its own script. People, who did not understand Chinese, could not read books, as all the books were in Chinese. In Vietnam, the Buddhist studies do not influence just art, philosophy or painting. Theatre also serves as a conveyer of the legends, stories and facts about Buddhism. Buddhism is not only a source which quenches the thirst of the intellectuals. It quenches the thirst of the spirit also. Buddhist studies have changed the past and present of Vietnam. The Vietnamese Buddhists go far and wide in order to give a vent to the knowledge and impart it to the others. Buddhism has prospered leaps and bounds in the country. Though there are many rival religions in the country, Buddhism is by far the most popular one. As mentioned earlier, almost two thirds of the population practices Buddhism. During 968 it was made the state religion. Buddhism in Vietnam is no wonder superior than any other religion there, as it is not only accepted publicly but also helped in the moral and spiritual training of the general public. People believe it and accept it by heart. They call it the religion of compassion. The imprint of Buddhism can be seen in art and literature as well. Music has also been inspired from it. Today there are almost 15,000 worship places in Vietnam as compared to none in the beginning. There are almost ten million Buddhists all over the world. Vietnam alone has some 40,000 nuns. It was only 20,000 twenty years back. The development Buddhist studies have done can be clearly understood from the fact that today there are almost four Buddhist universities as compared to only one in 1981. Van Hanh was the first Buddhist school. Today there are schools all over Hanoi, Hue, Ho Chi Minh City and Can Tho. There are almost six colleges and 31 high schools for Buddhists. There are uncountable numbers of grassroots schools in many other provinces. This clearly shows that Buddhism has made a lot of progress since Buddhism first entered Vietnam . Buddhist monks are now not only studyin Buddhism in monasteries and colleges but are getting higher education all over the world. They are studying various subjects and religion in order to increase their knowledge. Not only have they had attained worldly knowledge, but spiritual knowledge which will lead them to enlightenment. References Anson, Binh. (n. d). Theravada Buddhism in Vietnam. Retrieved January 31, 2008 from: http://www. budsas. org/ebud/vn_thera. htm Brough, John. (n. d). Gandhari Dharmapada. India (n. p). Clark, Laura and Brown, Suzanne. (n. d). Buddhism in Vietnam. Retrieved January 31, 2008 from: http://journals. iranscience. net:800/mcel. pacificu. edu/mcel. pacificu. edu/as/students/vb/INDEX. HTM.

Ice Cream And Tears :: Immigration Personal Narrative Russia Papers

Ice Cream And Tears Exhausted, I passed through customs towards the exit door and stepped into a new world. My father gave my still sleepy brother and me a stick of Wrigley’s peppermint gum and we experienced our first taste in our new life. Every trip back home has matured me in many ways. Every flight I reflect back on my life, time after time, and become anxious of what I was going to face coming home to Russia. Often what I was looking forward to did not happen the way I wished. Now, events that I was planning for when I would come back to our new home in the United States began to be more reliable. Coming back to Russia I especially looked forward to seeing my grandparents. I was even more excited about seeing my friends with whom I could finally share my experiences with while I was away from them, living my new life. Every time, however, this excitement was diminished by more of my friends moving away or changing their lifestyles to become too different from me. I was becoming more isolate d from both worlds. I vividly remember crowds of foreign people staring at me as I walked through the isle with our cart full of luggage. As we put away our five suitcases I was still unable to grasp the idea that I was in America. Everything looked surreal; even the air I breathed had a peculiar scent. Nowhere where I had traveled throughout Russia was the air like this, humid and warm yet crisp. As we got into the car, my father’s American friend began asking us questions; I did not hear them. My eager young mind was not only incapable of understanding them because of the language barrier but I was unable to comprehend anything that was said. I was numb to everything around me. Every time I go back to Russia I become increasingly disappointed with the life people live there. The divide between the rich and the poor is becoming so great that it seems there will never be a middle class again. More poor are becoming homeless due to the government withholding their salaries and the rich are becoming as wealthy as the majority in the Western World because they may take advantage of the foreign investments and markets. What saddens me the most, however, is the effect on the Russian children.

Hershey’s Food Corporation: Erp Failure

REAL CASE STUDY I Hershey Foods Corporation: Failure and Success with Information Technology Point of View Managerial Point of View Objective To examine the reasons behind the SAP AG’S R/3 ERP implementation failure at Hershey’s Food Corporation Problem What could have done otherwise to avoid the SAP AG’S R/3 ERP implementation failure at Hershey’s Food Corporation? Areas of Consideration In late 1996, Hershey Foods Corporation the leading manufacturer of chocolates, confectionaries and beverages in United States of America began modernizing hardware and software systems in the company.In an attempt to manage Y2K issues, it chose to replace those systems and shift to client/server environment, which suggest that the company had pressing needs which forced the implementation. It was to switch over to the new ERP system by April 1999 as per original plan. It chose three software vendors – SAP, Manugistics, and Siebel for implementing different software modules. The com pany spent $112 million and 30 months on their ERP project. The project was running as per schedule till January 1999, and when it came to the final phase of the implementation, the company faltered.Time pressed, they went live in July 1999 which led the company experienced several problems pushing orders through the system, resulting in shipping delays and deliveries of incomplete orders. The retailers who ordered for Hershey's products could not get them on time, even though the company had ample supplies stocked at its warehouses. However, it was too late for Hershey to respond to this problem. As a result, Hershey's revenues dropped. Many reasons have been cited for the Hershey ERP failure. One, the project was originally scheduled to take four years, but the company forced the implementation to go live in just 30 months.Two, the company simultaneously implemented a customer-relations package and a logistics package, largely increasing the overall complexity and employee learnin g curve. Three, the company went live at their busiest time of the year, just before Halloween, and the resulting delays caused profits to fall. Though SAP was blamed for Hershey's disaster, the company's management viewed it differently. Hence, the top management of the company as well as industry analysts began looking at other reasons for the problems at Hershey.Alternative Courses of Action 1. Before opting to deploy a new ERP system, try to consider upgrading your old version of system rather than instantly launching for a new one. Before trying to replace those systems and shifting to new ones, try to know the factors affecting or contributing to success and failures that you might encounter along the implementation. Evaluate the needs first before making a decision. Also before opting to deploy a new system, try to stabilize first the phases of its implementation before going on live.Make sure that the old version of system is running standstill during the first phase of impl ementation of the new system. Lest the new system suddenly fall short, you still have the old version of system to back you up during mid-operations. 2. Never have multiple vendors within one project. ERP systems must be installed in a more staged manner, especially when applications from multiple vendors are involved. Roll out the modules in stages and don’t attempt to implement other applications simultaneously. 3. Choose the right time for implementation.Implementing it in a wrong time is a messed up. The company would have very well avoided this trouble if only they thought of going ahead with ERP during those occasions when the business process in the whole market experiences a slow movement. And never went to the extent of spending the whole time and efforts on implementing ERP. This will disrupt the normal functioning of the business and creates confusion in the company. Since attention was wholly diverted to ERP it was not possible to rectify the uncertainties that em erged in the business as a result of ERP. . Effective testing and scheduling. Effective testing in an ERP implementation can lessen exposure to failure risks and damages. Never opt to quicken the implementation process, where several modules are implemented simultaneously. The company must ensure that the system is fully tested and ready for implementation. If possible, plan the ERP project to go-live date during the company’s slow periods. Effective scheduling is important in ERP implementations because the process is lengthy, complicated and delays can increase large costs.However, management must review closely the need for extending the timeline to ensure success of the project. TOWS Threats ERP Implementation in Hershey Foods Corporation can be a difficult, time-consuming, and expensive project for the company. The technology is tightly integrated and requires a commitment from all division. It can take years to complete and cost risks. Moreover, there is no guarantee of the outcome. If not properly planned for, the investment may drive Hershey out of business. Opportunities Hershey made efforts to stabilize SAP and other systems. Hershey’s recent upgrade of its ERP system to R/3 version 4. was completed 20 percent under budget and without any of the order processing and product-shipment disruptions that marred the initial $112 million rollout in 1999. It was able to make more than 30 improvements to its core business processes within 60 days of going live.The company cited enhancements such as the automation of pick-list processing and materials management invoice verification, plus credit processing for distributors to military customers. These improvements have helped reduce costs and speed up processing times. It has also â€Å"achieved a near-zero-defect production environment† with R/3 4. and is using SAP’S business analysis tools to measure the impact of sales and marketing programs as they happen. Weakness Hershey would n’t specify whether the problems stemmed from its configuration of the system or the software itself. The top management of the company as well as industry analysts began looking at the reasons for the problems at Hershey. Though SAP was blamed for Hershey's disaster, the company's management viewed it differently: Hershey decided to take shortcuts since the project was originally scheduled to take four years, but the company forced the implementation to go live in just 30 months.Thus, Hershey’s experiences illustrate the fact that most troubled ERP rollouts are caused by project management issues, not faulty software. Strengths By experiencing this kind of failures Hershey Foods Corporation’s IT Staff was able to exceed its delivery commitments for the project because of strong program management and executive leadership, diligent planning and an extensive testing and training plan. This time the implementation underwent extensive testing. Hershey made sure to take the time and resources to thoroughly test the computer systems.Conclusion Consider alternative course of action no. 1 Failures in major business/IT projects continue to occur to large companies like Hershey Foods Corporation with so much IT expertise and financial resources. These mistakes cost the price in the long run. Hershey has learned valuable lessons from their SAP implementation and these lessons are to move slower and be more methodical. The lessons learnt can as well serve as indication for failure or bankruptcy by driving you out of the business path.Hershey’s failure should caution any company that chooses to implement such broad application and make sure that system will function smoothly before entering peak sales period. There is one final aspect to be considered in any degree of project failure. All success is rooted in either luck or failure. If you begin with luck, you learn nothing but arrogance. However, if you begin with failure and learn to evaluate it, you also learn to succeed. Failure begets knowledge. Out of knowledge you gain wisdom, and it is with wisdom that you can become truly successful.Recommendation Before committing to a specific ERP software package, companies like Hershey Foods Corporation need to take the time to evaluate their ERP needs. They need to define in advance: 1. How they want to run their business? 2. What problems need to be resolved? 3. What are their priorities? 4. What are the current processes – what works and what doesn’t in the implementation plan? 5. What software will best resolve their problems, meet their goals and priorities?

Adolf Hitler- Outline

HAUWA HARUNA A00013111 Ethics and leadership (PHIL 300) 6th JUNE 2012 My Leader: Outline Background of Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was born on the 20th of April 1889 in a small town in Austria called Brannua. He was raised in a broken home and was abused by his father while growing up. Hitler was known to have a keen interest in art and actually applied to an art school in Vienna but was turned down. He later began a career in the military as a messenger to deliver instructions to generals behind enemy lines and return with feed back to commanders.During his time as a corporal, Hitler received awards for bravery several times and was also given the highest military honor in Germany known as the â€Å"iron cross†. After the war, Hitler returned to Germany to begin his rise to power. Thesis Statement Hitler though a very controversial character was able to bring about a lot of prosperity in Germany through his ideals experienced its largest growth sprout, but he is not remembered for any of his positive achievements but his crimes against humanity.Method * Critically examining general accepted leadership qualities in comparison to those displayed by Hitler. * Highlighting key strong points as well as flaws in his leadership style * Gardners Leadership trait model Stamina, Vitality Eagerness to accept responsibility Intelligence, task competence, Understanding follower’s needs Interpersonal skills Capacity to motivate Need for achievement and Self-confidenceFirst Sub-topic Hitler as a master of strategy Second Sub-topic Adolf’s achievements Third Sub-topic Positive contradictions in his leadership style Fourth Sub-topic Negative contradictions in his approach to leading Germany Conclusion Website Links http://www. historylearningsite. co. uk/adolf-hitler. htm http://www. nsba. org/sbot/toolkit/LeadQual. html http://www. johndclare. net/Weimar7. htm

Biography - Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) essays

Biography - Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) essays Oliver Cromwell was born in Huntingdon on April 25th 1599. He was born into a family which was for a time one of the wealthiest and most influential in the area. He was educated at Huntingdon grammar school and at Cambridge University, and then became a minor East Anglian landowner. He made a living by farming and collecting rents, first in Huntingdon, then from 1631 in St Ives and from 1636 in Ely. Cromwell's inheritances from his father, who died in 1617, and later from a maternal uncle were not great, 1640 he played only a small role in local administration and no significant role in national politics. It was the civil wars of the 1640s which lifted Cromwell from zero to hero. Oliver was the only surviving son of Robert and Elizabeth Cromwell. They had ten children (three sons and seven daughters). Their eldest son was called Henry, but he died soon after birth in 1595. Their second son was born in 1599 and was christened Oliver, in honour of Roberts eldest brother, Sir Oliver. He became the eldest surviving son and heir of Robert. A younger brother, Robert junior, was born in 1609 but he, too, quickly died. This left Oliver an only son, as he was the one son of Robert and Elizabeth to survive infancy. Oliver grew to manhood in a female-dominated environment. He had no surviving brothers and his father died quite young in 1617, his widowed mother became for a time, head of a household, which included seven growing daughters, sisters to Oliver. Three of his sisters were older than him, the remaining four younger. Most of his sisters married and had about 5 children each leaving Oliver with many nieces and nephews. His mother lived with him and his wife, El izabeth Bourchier, who he married on the 22nd of August 1620 and his children for many years up until her death at Whitehall in 1654. From the outbreak of the Civil War in the summer of 1642, C ...

African Athena Controversy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

African Athena Controversy - Essay Example In his first volume, â€Å"The Fabrication of Ancient Greece†, the author has attacked the nineteenth century notion that Greeks were basically Aryans from the North and he proposes to dissolve his ideas from the Aryan Model to Ancient Model and stated that the religion of the Greeks were derived from the East with Egypt in particular. The controversy is that the western ideological thinkers have criticized Bernal’s views of the Greek’s influence (p.1). Bernal argues that the widely influential books like Flaubert’s Salambà ´ (1862) suggested that the African cultures were pugnacious and uncivilized than that of the Greeks or the Romans. Bernal describes that Flaubert had originally meant to elucidate a historical novel about Egypt but later on fixed on ancient Carthage as his subject because the Egyptians were not sufficiently degenerated for his purposes. Bernal describes the authors’ work as a typical reflection of the western hypocrisy. â€Å" Flaubert implied that Europeans-with the possible exception of the English-were incapable of such things. In fact, the Romans outdid the Carthaginians in virtually every luxury and outrage while the Macedonians [i.e., Greeks] were not far behind† (p. 2). The paper focuses on the influence of the Greeks and the Phoenicians on the Greek society on the lines of Bernal’s elucidation in his â€Å"Black Athena† but at the same time criticizes his views and highlights the area of loopholes of his findings. From the initial findings of the book Black Athena project, Bernal saw the competition between the Aryan and the revised models in terms of competitive plausibility from the documents of the Late Bronze Age in terms of archaeology, language, culture and religious rituals and historical analogy and topology (p.3). In terms of the archaeology and documents the evidence hardly points out to the Revised Ancient Model but in terms of cult and language the evidence supports the very dominance of the

Reading Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Reading Summary - Essay Example Consequently, culture has emerged as important issue in international business and contemporary business dynamics as the workforce increasingly comprise of people coming from diverse background of culture, race and nationality. Thus, understanding of cross-cultural values becomes hugely critical elements of contemporary businesses. The article ‘Making it Overseas’ shows why the expatriate managers tend to fail in their overseas. The authors believe that lack of cultural understanding adversely impacts expatriate managers’ performance as they tend to apply traditional way of working which may not conform to the value system of the host nations. They need to be prepared to adapt and incorporate cultural values of other nations when working overseas for gaining the trust of the people and translating the needs of local populace into strong business goals. The authors emphasize that expatriate managers need to be better aware of intellectual capital and build it through understanding of cross-cultural understanding. Moreover, they must make efforts to build socio-psychological capital by being flexible in their approach and thinking so that they can connect emotionally with their partners and colleagues from diverse

Biblical Philosophy of Education Research Paper

Biblical Philosophy of Education - Research Paper Example The Purpose of Education According to the Biblical message, the purpose of education is to increase in the knowledge of God and to subject the Earth and the Sea and the Sky to Gods glory. To illustrate, it is stated in Habakkuk 2:14 that â€Å"Earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the Lord as the waters cover the sea†. A look into John 8:31-32 gives further clarification to the issue. It states â€Å"If you hold to my teaching, you are really my disciples. Then you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free.† Evidently, the purpose of Christian education is to become the Disciples of Christ by knowing the truth. Education has no meaning except as it relates to a personal relationship with Jesus Christ. To illustrate, Matthew 16:26 states, â€Å"What good will it be for a man if he gains the whole world, yet forfeits his soul? Or what can a man give in exchange for his soul?† A similar notion comes from Ecclesiastes 1:14, which states â€Å"I have seen all the things that are done under the sun; all of them are meaningless, a chasing after the wind. Philippians 3:8 proclaims â€Å"I consider everything a loss compared to the surpassing greatness of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord, for whose sake I have lost all things. I consider them rubbish that I may gain Christ†. ... The second main point evident from the biblical philosophy is that education should support our proclamation of the truth. For example, 1Peter 3:15 states â€Å"Always be prepared to give an answer to everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have.† The third purpose of education is that it should facilitate our service to God and to people (Matthew 22:37-39), and the fourth purpose is that it should equip us to watch out that no one deceives us (Mathew 24:4, 5). However, if someone is to believe that the Bible is against using education as a means of livelihood, it is necessary to look into Genesis. It states, learning should equip us to work for a living and to support our families (Genesis 3:19). In addition, Proverbs 31:10-31 shows how skilled the wife of a noble character is. She does a number of works ranging from selecting wool and flax, and works with eager hands. Evidently, Bible is not against using skills and education as a means to survive, but it only glorifies the same. For evidence, 2 Timothy 3: 16-17 says that â€Å"man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work†. In order to understand the purpose of education in a church perspective, one should listen to Colossians 1:17. It states, â€Å"He is before all things, and in Him all things hold together†. Thus, it is evidently said that true knowledge is possible only when it is grounded in God. In other words, the ones who do not acknowledge this fail in their interpretation of facts. A look into the Colossians 2: 2-10 will prove what the purpose of education is. It goes â€Å"my purpose is that they may†¦know the mystery of god, namely Christ in whom are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge. I tell you this so that no one may deceive you by

What does it take to be successful in life Essay

What does it take to be successful in life - Essay Example Once they have identified their mistakes and outlined the future course of action that they would take in similar circumstances, they tend to overcome their weaknesses the next time they are in them. Right behavior and rational approach is like a skill that is mastered through practice, experience and reflection upon it. â€Å"An expert is a person who has made all the mistakes that can be made in a very narrow field† (Bohr cited in â€Å"Mistakes Quotes†). Man has been given the ability to decide much of his fortune himself. Those who think and reflect upon their experiences for learning make their life different from the larger group that does not. One is required to be humble in one’s attitude towards others. One should deal others with the same respect one wants others to deal one with. That does not necessarily mean that one should kill one’s ego and accept any thing that the society has to offer. One should never kill one’s ego. Those who completely loose their ego are at the expense of the society and hence, are vulnerable to unjust criticism, humility and insult. The society considers such people as worthless and makes every attempt to ruin their pleasure and hurt their sentiments. An egoless person is treated very badly and shrewdly by the society at large. Lack of ego destroys an individual’s boundaries. â€Å"Having fuzzy boundaries means you are vulnerable to those who wish to use you, enslave you or hurt you† (Self, Ego and Boundaries†). Therefore, killing one’s ego is never the wise option. However, it should be made right use of. One should be wise enough to know whe re to use ego and to what extent. One should always take a stand for what one considers right and always condemn what one deems wrong. This can only be achieved with the appropriate use of ego. Right use of ego guarantees an individual success and respect in his/her life. People tend to show reverence towards such an individual as they know that he/she is courageous,

The Romantic Comedy Genre

The Romantic Comedy Genre If even half of the projects picked up this year actually get the green light, the first decade of the next millennium may be known as the Romantic Comedy Decade. Sales totals for the genre surged ahead of former rivals Action-Adventure and Science Fiction, landing squarely in the coveted fourth spot [below Comedy, Drama and Thriller]. There was a 50 per cent increase in the number of romantic comedy scripts bought by studios in 1998 compared to the previous year. Examples of films in this period are Four weddings and a Funeral (UK; 1994), My Best Friends Wedding (1997), Shakespeare in Love (UK/US, 1998) and There is Something about Mary (1998). Each year from 1981, the trend is towards a much higher volume of production with especially sustained activity from 1997-9 (Krutnik 2002, p10). Romantic Comedy imports from US also increased from mid-1990s. Films such as the international success Notting Hill (1999) and the Australian-French co-production Green Card (1990) encouraged Hollywood involvement in co-productions. Examples are Sliding Doors (UK/US, 1998) and Bridget Jones Diary (France/UK/US, 2001). Most of the US-British partnership ventures, however, are adaptations of prestige literary or dramatic properties targeted at international audiences (Krunik 2002, p132), including Sense and Sensibility (UK/US; 1995) and Emma (UK/US; 1996). What exactly is Romantic Comedy? How is it defined in order to help people to understand what it actually is? Romantic Comedy: a genre, a family of genres (marriages, manners, screwball), a category of production and marketing, a category of analysis. Definition, even delimitation, is difficult or impossible because all Hollywood films (except some war films) have romance and all have comedy. A workable subset romantic comedy might refer to those films in which romance and comedy are the primary components as crime, war, etc (Krunik 2002, p132) As Handerson said, the word romantic comedy not only is a particular type of a story on two lovers but it also circulates as something of a free-floating signifier that can designate a bewildering array of possible combinations of sex and comedy (Krunik 2002, p 133). Billy Mernit, who is a famous author of romantic comedy, assigns the success of romantic comedy which has continued since the 1980s to its ability to mix with other film genres. Hybridity is by no means a new development within Hollywood genre films, and it is certainly no stranger to romantic comedy (Krunik 2002, p133). Examples are Ball of Fire (1941), in which romantic comedy and elements of the gangster films are combined, I Married a Witch (1942) joins romantic comedy and supernatural fantasy and Too Hot to Handle (1938) combines romantic comedy with aviation adventure. Though there are many exceptions that prove the rule (e.g., the thoroughly old-fashioned Pretty Women), contemporary mainstream audiences seem amenable to movies that mix it up. And this is true of your buyers (the studios); a romantic comedy that promises crossover potential is more likely to pique their interest than a straight-up traditional one (Mernit, B) Pretty Women is a film which is female-centred, pure straight romantic comedy appeals to women whereas the cross-genre film has broader audience. What is more, some of new romances have the elements of sporting backgrounds. For instance, Bull Durham (1998), The Cutting Edge (1992), The American President (1995) and Bulworth (1998). In addition, another trend since 1990s has been the extension of the romantic comedy process to gay relationships (Krunik 2002, p 136). Gay scenarios have been combined within comedies aiming at broader audiences, such as The Next Best Thing (2000), The Object of My Affection (1998) and As Good as It Gets and Chasing Amy (1997). Therefore, it can be said that contemporary romantic has been reconstructed for audiences based on age, ethnicity and sexual preference. In romantic comedies, the real subject is the power of love. Love is not merely the catalyst for action in a romantic comedy, it is the shaper of the story arc. Although many romantic comedies seem to initially set up their protagonists eventual mate as their antagonist, in most cases love itself is the antagonist. Wrestling with love can force a character to grow or to resist growth, but either way, loves effect on the central character is what drives the story. Billy Mernit Heterogeneity and hybridity (Spicer 2001, p184) are the prominent features of masculinity in contemporary British cinema. It means that the range of male forms is much broader than ever before. One of the major ways by which identity is able to be reconstructed is through the mass media as this provides an outlet whereby the expression of alternative identities can be communicated. The media therefore becomes a focus whereby different expressions of gender identity can be expressed and debated. In recent years, there have been rapid changes in many ways within the politics, society and culture. There are many significant reasons for these changes. As the result of these changes there were crucial impacts on social movements. Feminism is often said to be one of the most well known social movement. The key elements and developments of both feminism and cultural discourses are closely related to each other. Question arises at this point, such as what it means to be a woman and man, how are feminine and masculine identities constructed and what is the nature of femininity, masculinity? Not only to feminists but people such as intellectuals, politicians, artists and of course ordinary women and men is interested in such struggles within the culture and society. Since, those struggle occurs when people characterises their existence by repeating the same routine within peoples daily lives. This section will examine the key elements on sex and gender to elucidate the cultural meaning within the media. Gender is a way in which social practice is ordered. In gender processes, the everyday conduct of life is organized in relation to a reproductive arena, defined by the bodily structures and processes of human reproduction. This arena includes sexual arousal and intercourse, childbirth and infant care, bodily sex difference and similarity (Connell 1995, p71). For Judith Butler, who is an American philosopher and has contributed to the fields of feminism, queer theory, political philosophy and ethics, the various manifestation of gender in culture are driven by the self-same expressions deemed to be its consequences (Butler, 1990, p25) is accepted as gender is driven by performance, or the very activity of presentation, it is therefore dependent on what and how this is currently expressed by the individual that, ultimately, constitutes the crucial determining factor, and not an all-embracing universal disposition. In this sense, Butler sees gender as a regulatory fiction that is sustained by performative acts. Due to the fact that the choices an individual can potentially make in relation to gender are restricted thanks to ongoing cultural norms and assumptions, a person is therefore presented with a limited choice of possible identities. Individuals are thereby obliged to follow a course that fits the male/female dichotomy through perform ing and conforming to prevailing gender stereotypes. Furthermore, if the gender is socially constructed the relations between sex and gender become more unstable which makes gender independent from sex. As butler puts it in her writing that, gender is free-floating artifice which culturally constructed, indeed perhaps sex was already gender, so that the sex/gender distinction is actually not a distinction at all (Butler, 1990 p7). Butler suggests that it is possible to have a designated female body and not to show traits generally considered feminine, in other words, one may be a masculine female or a feminine male. One way of challenging such assumptions, Butler suggests, is to encourage awareness of these limitations by the creation of alternative gender scenarios that can lead to a more genuine realisation of ones identity. In effect, this provides for greater flexibility and range of options by which a person is able to construct a unique individuality. The fashion world definitely had the great impact on gender identification. It has been the case that distinctions of the gender are made when looking at fashion magazines such as masculine male and feminine female. The stereotypes of the gender role are repeatedly shown in the advertisements, fashion runways. As if it is saying that this how men and women should look like thus it limits our choice. These examples that I am going to give show how some of Butlers ideas have been taken up in a practical manner. Tailored jacket, bow tie and so forth have been socially accepted for mens clothing. However wearing mens clothing item such as oversized tailored jacket or a bow tie become as a fashion trend for womens clothing in recent years. This indicates from my point of view, that there are no such assumptions or rule for the style of gender identity. There are no set of rules for wearing clothes in order to represent certain genders identity. However there are social taboos which limit people to choose their own identity. But by looking images or photographs in magazines gender is not something fixed it is actually transformable as it shifts in style time to time. Thus, it can be explained that it is challenging the male dominance by reducing the assumption of the cultural meaning of the gender and sex to the level of fashion and style. Another example is how the boundary of men and women has been blurred. First example is a skinny male fashion model, what I found interesting in this example is that how assumption of the male body has been changed. Within the fashion industry, where their fashion products should be sold in order to make a profit. Traditional male fashion models in the past showed strong masculine male body to represent their products. Furthermore, second example is a photo shot of male fashion model by PRADAs spring/fall collection. As I explained of skinny male models above, PRADA also chooses skinny male model. But this time the model is wearing a trousers and a skirt at the same time. This also can be explained as it is breaking the traditional gender stereotype. The formula which says that I dont wear a skirt therefore I am male I am male therefore I dont wear a skirt fails in this image. Again it is just the style and fashion which blurs the boundary of fixed gender and sex .These examples above show how some of Butlers ideas have been taken up in a practical rather than passive way to meaningfully challenge how the public view gender to the extent that the younger generation are now coming to accept a more ambivalent attitude towards sex and gender. Moreover, androgynous models seem to becoming more common in the media a further sign that boundaries are becoming permeable. All societies have cultural accounts of gender, but not all have the concept of masculinity. In its modern usage the term assumes that ones behaviour results from the type of person one is. That is to say, an unmasculine person would behave differently: being peaceable rather than violent, conciliatory rather than dominating, hardly able to kick a football, uninterested in sexual conquest, and so forth (Connell 1995, p67). Perhaps we are aware of masculinity than ever before as it has become one of the interests that have been analysed since mid 1980s. Definitions of masculinity have mostly have taken our cultural standpoint for granted, but have followed different strategies to characterise the type of person who is masculine (Connell 1996, p68). Essentialist focuses on the core of masculine and their lives whereas positivist finds out what men actually are. Normative definition is a standard and explains that masculinity is that men should be. Semiotic definition, however, is that masculinity is non-femininity so that the level of personality is limited. Rather than attempting to define masculinity as an object (a natural character type, a behavioural average, a norm), we need to focus on the processes and relationships through which men and women conduct gendered lives. Masculinity, to the extent the term can be briefly defined at all, is simultaneously a place in gender relations, the practices through which men and women engage that place in gender, and the effects of these practices in bodily experience, personality and culture'(Connell 1996, p71). A concern of much early masculinity scholarship was to highlight the range and diversity of male identities that exist both within society as a whole and in specific settings (Crew 2003, p27). It means that there is class difference between men and the power that they have masculinities in working-class and middle-class to different experiences of capitalist working practice (Tolson 1977; Willis 1977). Tolson described masculinity in working-class as characterised by collective recognition and solidarity, physical toughness and presence, bravado, confrontation, anti-authority sentiment, and the avoidance of feelings (Crew 2003, p27). By contrary, masculinity of middle-class was described as moral dignity, emotional restraint, respectability and individualised notions of self-discipline, ambition and competitiveness (Crew 2003, p27). The interweaving of masculinity and class was most clearly illustrated in Paul Willis (1977) ethnography of a group of working-class lads. Most striking was how the lads associated different types of work with different genders such that they valorised their own identities and the futures that awaited them explicitly masculine terms (Crew 2003, p27). For example, it is both shop floor workers and managers in middle-class who construct a masculine hierarchy in which physical labour is at the summit (Roper 1994: 106). Managers find it hard to show their masculine position and masculinity in their work. It was suggested by Collison and Hearn (1996) that similarly, whilst shop floor workers reject the idea of promotion because it would compromise their masculine self-images (Crew 2003, p27), men working in office also are endangered by what they think of their work as unmasculine. What is more, it is important to see the difference here between what men want to be and what they really are. masculine identities are lived out in the flesh but fashioned in the imagination, with cultural representations providing the repertoire of cultural forms upon which fantasies are cast (Dawson 1991: 118). Masculine heterosexuality somewhat in line with the laddish personalities they were ascribed in the press (Crewe 2003, p 128). They are certainly not macho, overbearing or aggressive: nor did they exhibit the emotionally inhibited toughness of Ropers (1994) organisational men (Crew 2003, p 128). There are two social practices that reinforce oppressive, discriminatory forms of heterosexuality are homophobia and the sexual objectification of women (Pease 2000, p76). The term homophobia is created by The Gay Liberation Movement to identify the fear of homosexuality. According to Kirk and Madsen (1989:26-7), hetero sexual men dislike gays because they believe that homosexuality is caused by sinfulness, mental illness or recruitment (Pease 2000, p 76). It means that homosexuality is a distortion: gay men are evil and corrupted. Most heterosexuals have this misidentification and misconception as they have a negative image of the gay world. Sedgwick (1985:1) used the term homosocial to describe the non-sexual social bonds between men and to analyse how these social bonds keep men in power (Pease 2000, p77). The inability to recognise any homosexual impulses in oneself causes men to project all homosexuality desires outward on to gay men (Kupers, 1993:49) (Pease 2000, p77). Therefore, homophobia is seen as caused by hidden homosexuality. Many men are not aware of flaws or suspects of their heterosexuality. So if heterosexual men regard themselves as normal, homosexual men become abnormal. Heterosexual men try to avoid doing anything that other men might interpret as effeminate or unmanly. Men fear that any intimacy between men may sully their sexual identity (Pease 2000, p 78). Most heterosexual men are attracted by womens bodies and this objectification is the process by which men sees the woman as a thing or an object and fixation to the process of focusing on parts of the female body (Buchbinder, 1987:65-6) (Pease 2000, p84). Heterosexual men are aware of sexism and they often feel torn between their sexual desire and their awareness that their expressed fantasies about women can be experienced as oppressive by women (Horowitz and Kaufman, 1987:81) (Pease 2000, p84). Objectification is one of the key processes in mens sexual relationships with women, in which often a part of the women is seen to represent the whole (Kaufman, 1993: 124) (Pease 2000, p84). Heterosexual men have not done any reflective writings about their sexual desires: Rich (1983:66) has also challenged men to say why they like pornography, whilst gay men have challenged heterosexual men to be up front about their sexuality (Stoltenberg, 1991: 8) (Pease 2000, p85). In part these changes reflect the present state of British film-making which has become decentred and eclectic, lacking studio infrastructure or dominant producers of the earlier period (Spicer 2001, p184). Since 1970s, British film production has recovered and a new generation of film producers has become known that grips a more commercial cinema. The arrival of the multiplexes encouraged revival in cinema-going (Spicer 2001, p184) in all UK. Most of cinema-goers are young people, but ABC1 is the major audience who frequently do cinema-going. The balance between men and women is equal. However, cinema-going will never return to its former importance as a leisure pursuit, but film viewing continues to be a significant part of popular culture with the majority of films watched on television or on video (Spicer 2001, p185). The use of DVD and internet help to increase consumption of film viewing and it eventually makes cinema remain a popular and influential medium, among all classes and age groups and representation of masculinity (Spicer 2001, p185). It has developed from successful British films put in to a national image culture. This section will look at various complex types of masculinity in contemporary British Cinema and give examples for each type. James Bond has been the most enduring post-war British film hero in twenty films spanning thirty-eight years (Spicer 2001, p185). Films that represent Bonds heroic masculinity are A View to a Kill (1987) where Roger Moore re-created Bond as an old-style debonair hero, more polished and sophisticated (Spicer 2001, p185) and The World is Not Enough (1999). He continues to be a hero who keeps the masculinity of traditional male adventurer. There is a new man concept which emerged within commercial culture, in particular, within retailing, advertising, and the early formation of the UK mens magazine market (Crew 2003, p27) and it was in many ways driven by the discovery of a new market (Seidler 1997, p8). The formation of new man imagery has developments in and associated with menswear play an important role. Together with the reshaping of the mens toiletries and grooming products markets, development in menswear markets set some of the big terms for the emergence of the new man imagery (Nixon 1996, p31). The new man concept is the creation of imagery that represented men in ways that were more narcissistic, self-conscious, emotionally expressive, domesticated and feminine than conventional iconography of patriarchal authority, action and machismo (Brannon 1976; Goffman 1979; Wenick 1987) (Crew 2003, p 31). Nixon said the new man imagery was most important in that it represented a loosening of the binary opposition between gay and straight-identified men and extended the space available within the representational regimes of popular consumption for an ambivalent masculine identity (Nixon 1996: 202) (Crew 2003, p 31). The New Man was an alternative image to the macho tough guy, embracing female roles and qualities, a vulnerable nurturer in touch with his emotions, but also rather narcissistic (Spicer 2001, p 187). Hugh Grant in two romantic comedy films embodied the New Man: Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) and Notting Hill (1999). Both films show the gentle, low-rent Man About Town, lovably awkward, tongue-tied, endlessly self-deprecating and sexually naà ¯ve (Spicer 2001, p 187). The independence and the power of women in films like Four Weddings and Notting Hill made Grant show more feminine sides. This is manifested in his insecurity and compliance, his lack of ambition and his desire for stability and heterosexual union, thereby fulfilling his supportive New Man credentials (Spicer 2001, p187). The type of the damaged man appears so frequently in recent British cinema and it has become the most representative image (Spicer 2001, p195). Shallow Grave (1994), Jude (1996) and Heart( 1998) are the performances of Christopher Eccleston who showed the figure of the damaged man with his gaunt features and suffering eyes (Spicer 2001, p 195). Mike Leighs Naked (1993) shows that the underclass male is often irreparably damaged by social disintegration and the film deepened this paradigm into an existentialist nightmare (Spicer 2001, p196). Mark Renton in Trainspotting is perhaps the most representative contemporary male: young, alienated, but also a chameleon, neither hero, villain, conformist or rebel. He is the product of a culture that is decentred and heterogeneous, no longer recognising clear national, ethical or sexual boundaries, where forms of masculinity are becoming increasingly hybrid and audiences delight in the knowingness and self-referentiality of popular culture (Spicer 2001, p 204). Contemporary British cinema has capability to produce positive forms. In Affairs to Remember, Bruce Babington and Peter Evans define romantic comedy as a genre that centres on the couple, celebrating the passionate but hopefully companionate love that brings them together, and typically ending at the moment of passage into the responsibilities of marriage (Babington and Evans 1989:234). (Spicer 2004, p78). In Britain, successful romantic comedy films since the revival are If Only (Maris Ripoll, 1998), Fanny Elvis (Kay Mellor, 1998), Sliding Doors (Peter Howitt, 1997) and Hugh Grant films. Hugh Grant is arguably the most successful current British star, famous throughout the world, able to sell a film on the strength of his name alone (Spicer 2004, p77). The revival of British romantic comedy is linked with popularity that Grant has. Grants films such as Notting Hill (Roger Michell, 1999), Four Weddings and a Funeral (Mike Newell, 1994), Bridget Jones Diary (Sharon McGuire, 2001) and About a Boy (Chris and Paul Weitz, 2002) share a central characteristic: the reluctance to commit, and yet the need to find love meaningful and central to well-being and happiness (Spicer 2004, p77). In Bridget Jones Diary, Grant was No More Mr Nice Guy (Spicer 2004, p83), and his bare-chested in tight leather trousers was photographed in womens magazines to show his new and more muscular body. Hugh Grant plays Renee Zellweggers boss at the publishing company, Daniel Cleaver, sophisticated, sexy professional with long, flowing dark locks and rakish hair (Spicer 2004, p 83). Cleaver is another familiar archetype, the Byronic anti-hero. The essence of the type is its fascinating eroticism (Spicer 2004, p83). The scene where he is undressing Bridget and he says, Silly little boots, silly little dress and these fuck me absolutely enormous pants. Dont apologise, I like them. Hello Mummy! Thats all him. Id have written What the fuck are those knickers? or something similar. He fooled around a lot on Bridget because it was in line with his own style of naughtiness. (Curtis in Raphael 2002s:13) (Spicer 2004, p 83). Some judged that he, like many Byronic males, was more attractive than tedious virtue (Spicer, p84), Daniel is has more charisma than dull Darcy.

Aristotelian Intellectual Intuition, Basic Beliefs and Naturalistic Epistemology :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Aristotelian Intellectual Intuition, Basic Beliefs and Naturalistic Epistemology ABSTRACT: I first argue that Aristotelian intellectual intuition (recognizing archai through epagoge and seeing their truth by recognizing their explanatory power through nous) generates basic beliefs which are not inferred — inductively or deductively — from other beliefs. Both involve synthetic intuitive insight. Epagoge grasps a connection and nous sees its general applicability. I next argue that such beliefs are properly basic by adapting an argument made by Hilary Kornblith. According to Kornblith, the world is objectively divided into natural kinds. We humans perceive the world divided into natural kinds. There is empirical evidence suggesting that we divide the world not only as it is objectively divided, but in making inductive inferences, that is, in inferring that an object will have certain properties on the basis of its having others. This grounds the reliability of (certain) inductive inferences. But the leading principles (in Peirce’s sense) of the se inferences are basic beliefs generated through intellectual intuition. Hence intellectual intuition generates certain properly basic beliefs. For Aristotle science is demonstration from first principles. But how does one arrive at these first principles? We observe particular instances and record those observations in memory. This material generates a logos, a meaning. (1) This is the process of epagoge which frames or formulates the archai. We recognize that archai are true, we come to believe them, by the operation of nous. Through nous we come to recognize the explanatory power of archai. In recognizing this, that the archai are true to the facts, we recognize their truth. Particular experiences suggest a certain arche. But nous lets us see that this arche "is the way in which the facts can be understood." (2) But, as Randall emphasizes, nous does not intuit the explanatory power of these archai independently of, or in abstraction from, the facts they explain. "Nous does not `see' the truth of archai by holding them up, in isolation ..., and just staring at them; it `sees' their truth in the subject matter." (3) Does intellectual intuition generate basic beliefs? Experience suggests archai; nous grasps their truth by seeing that they explain certain facts. Are these archai then inferred beliefs, inferred from the facts they allegedly explain? Are they conclusions of arguments whose premises describe these facts? Aristotle views science as deductive system. The arche of that science would not be deduced from more basic first principles.

Problems In A Product Life Cycle Environmental Sciences Essay

Global alteration has an impact on clime, demographical and socio-ecological alteration worldwide, and humanity has an influence on planetary alteration. As a consequence of natural catastrophes, eventually climate arguments came up which drew public attending. These arguments showed that something demands to be done. ( Tan, 2008 ) The industries can seek to bring forth environmentally friendly merchandises, extend the merchandise life rhythm, and make a solution for the end-of-life stage of a merchandise. This chapter demonstrates the job of the merchandise life rhythm and gives an penetration into the transmutation. The industrial revolution set up a additive theoretical account of material watercourses, a system that takes merchandises and throws them off. Toxic stuffs trickle into the nature systems. Furthermore, the waste burning locally generates energy, nevertheless, besides this much more energy is required for new stuff production. ( Hennings, et al. , 2008 ) The whole procedure is named an open-loop supply concatenation. By and large talking, it maps the way from the stuffs to the providers to the terminal consumer. There is no reversal rate from the consumer. There is no return of stuff. The company does non offer any return or recycling system. However, consumers use the merchandise and so at the terminal of the merchandise life rhythm, they throw it off. ( Lebreton, 2007 ) Another possibility is to donate the old apparels to charitable organisations which resell the old apparels to commercial retail merchants in the 3rd universe or in east Europe. In Germany the biggest fabric aggregation is â€Å" Deutsche Rote Kreuz † with 40,000 dozenss collected each twelvemonth. ( Weissinger, 1999 ) In Switzerland there are four large fabric aggregation houses: Texaid, Contex AG, Solitex and Satex. Texaid is the biggest 1 in Switzerland ; it recollects 17,000 dozenss of old fabrics per twelvemonth. The company ‘s grosss go to relief organisations. The gathered fabrics are classified in different quality categories and removed from waste. ( Truninger, 2005 ) The reselling of these apparels ignited a large treatment, as the pattern destroys local concerns which produce traditional apparels. The effects are that the local fabric industry nearby wholly collapsed, and reorganisation is non possible anymore. Some states have imposed import prohibitions. ( W eissinger, 1999 ) This complex job is good documented in the movie â€Å" oburoni wawu – dice Kleider der toten Weissen, † which deals with the inquiry of who needs old apparels and how the concern of old apparels works. The movie shows the way the old apparels take and what happens to them when they arrive in the preset state. ( Strobusch & A ; Terpinc, 1995 ) A farther option is the Climatex Lifecycle. This procedure is an innovation from the endeavor Rohner. Out of old fabrics, they produce felt, which is used to mulch and to cover the vegetable spot. As a consequence, the landfill is less to a great extent loaded and the old fabrics have a concluding responsibility. ( Weissinger, 1999 ) As it can be seen from the illustration of Rohner Textiles, end product went up 30 % and was accompanied by a drastic lessening in cost after they launched the new sustainability scheme. The Rohner illustration shows the positive consequence for a concern if they launch a closed-loop recycling scheme. ( IEHN, n.d. ) There is a new innovation to recycle polyester curtain. Teijin is a recycling company which specializes in polyester recycling. Today the company is a Recycling Network. Under the mark ‘ECOLOG, ‘ are all companies committed to bring forthing fabrics in mono-material polyester. ‘ECOLOG ‘ fabrics can be recycled easy, as there are no assorted fibres and it can be made easy into a new stuff. ( Outdoortrends, n.d. ) The last possibility in fabric recycling is down recycling. This procedure has been done for old ages now because the rate of return of polyester fabrics was really low. In this instance the recycling companies downcyceld the merchandises to knobs. ( Weissinger, 1999 ) To offer recycled merchandises and the usage of recycled stuffs is an environmentally friendly facet of assorted companies. Nowadays the positive environmental impact of merchandises gives a company a competitory border ; it is a must, non merely an option. Companies secure themselves a great hereafter with a strong sustainability scheme. The â€Å" C footmark † of companies is set to diminish, as they are under force per unit area from different stakeholders, like non-governmental organisations, consumers and authorities, to make so. This force per unit area on companies encourages them to cut down their C footmark with different commissariats like green merchandises, sustainable procedures and societal duty plans ( CSR ) . However, good communicating and labeling towards consumers is indispensable, to allow them cognize about the green attempts made by the company. ( Jo, 2010 )Focus on Outdoor IndustryHarmonizing to the study of Luscombe ( 2010 ) , 59 % of participants buy t he purchased point for functional usage and for general every twenty-four hours usage. Merely 3 % bargain it for mundane usage. There is a displacement from utilizing out-of-door merchandises in the athleticss sector towards mundane life usage. The study of EOG shows that quality has the highest impact on the purchasing determination, followed by the trade name name. The 3rd factor impacting the determination is the monetary value. This ranking is for Germany. In Switzerland, the ranking is similar. Quality is the victor, followed by comfort, so the proficient characteristics, and last is the monetary value. Recyclability of the merchandise influences the purchasing determination for 62 % of Germans ; whereas merely 60 % of people are interested in purchasing merchandises made of recycled stuff. In the Swiss study, 67 % are influenced by the recyclability of the merchandise in the purchasing determination and 64 % bargain recycled stuff. ( Luscombe, 2010 ) Nowadays, there is a broad scope of reclaimable stuff. It is possible to recycle polyester, polymeric amide and polyurethane. There are two different recycling methods: stuff recycling and chemical recycling. The undermentioned four possibilities are often used in the industry. ( ISOPA, 2001 ) PET-Recycling ( Material recycling ) PET-Recycling became more widespread, as the environmental considerations gain importance. PET bottles have a really short life rhythm, and moreover they are made of rough oil, which causes environmental jobs, as most PET bottles are destined for landfills. As a consequence, a recycling procedure to recycle the valuable primary resources is a perfect thought. The recycling procedure is non really hard with PET bottles. The stuff to be recycled is ‘polyethylene terephthalate ‘ . ( Evans, 2010 ) A short recycling procedure description: Colored bottles need to be sorted out. Just crystalline bottles can be used for this procedure. The selected PET bottles have to be cleaned and dried and crushed. These crushed pieces will be heated. Through this warming procedure, the crushed pieces are melted and a crimping machine gives the ensuing polyester narrations their texture. The polyester narrations need to dried. The quality control has to be passed. ( Evans, 2010 ) This procedure can be performed one time. If there is a jacket made out of this PET recycled narration, the used jacket, which is non functional any longer, ends in a landfill. Nevertheless, some natural stuff has already been saved thanks to PET recycling. In the following paragraph are some illustrations about the measure of PET bottles needed to do certain points. ( Heimann, 2010 ) â€Å" With 20 PET bottles, a ski jacket can be produced. A jumper needs about 63 PET bottles and a sleeping bag is made of 83 PET bottles. † These are facts found on the bright hub home page ( Evans, 2010 ) . There is besides a negative facet to PET recycling. Since PET can merely be recycled one time, 360A ° recycling is non possible. On the other manus, PET recycling is cheaper than polyester recycling, which is explained in the following point. ( Heimann, 2010 ) Polyester Recycling ( chemical recycling ) A Nipponese company has developed the first polyester recycling system named ECO CIRCLE. This is a closed-loop recycling for polyester points. Old polyester merchandises, which are made out of 100 % polyester, can be chemically converted into new polyester natural stuff. ( Teijin, 2009 ) Products which are reclaimable in this manner have the undermentioned label on them: Figure 6: ECO CIRCLE Logo ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ecocircle.jp/en/index.htm ) Fleece coats are easy to recycle as they are 100 % polyester. Other coats are frequently a combination of different stuffs. The status for recycling is that the merchandise has 100 % screening truth. The polyester recycling procedure is similar to PET-recycling, but there are some differences as this is a type of chemical recycling. Collected polyester merchandises are broken down into little pieces. Granulated stuff is made. The colouring is removed from the pellets. This procedure requires high energy and important clip. Through chemical intervention, new polyester natural stuff is created. New â€Å" Eco Circle † fibres are created to bring forth reclaimable merchandises. ( Teijin-Fibers, n.d. ) There are different merchandises made by this closed-loop recycling procedure: underwear, T-shirts, jackets, baseball mitts and so on. Swany produced the first closed-loop reclaimable baseball mitt. The list would ne'er stop, as there is an limitless possibility to bring forth pro-ducts with 100 % polyester. ( Teijin, 2009 ) This procedure is criticized, as the fibres are produced utilizing crude oil. Critics say that these fibres should non be produced any longer given the turning trouble with crude oil supplies. However the outdoor industry is acute on utilizing polyester fibres, as this fabric is high quality and stopping points long clip. Figure 7: CO2 Reduction There is less ecological harm with this recycling procedure than with the production of new fibres, as per an analysis conducted by the Suedwind Institute ( n. d. ) . This fact is besides apparent in this Figures 10. 77 % less CO2 is released utilizing the recycling procedure than is released bring forthing new natural stuff from crude oil. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patagonia.com/pdf/en_US/common_threads_whitepaper.pdf ) This closed-loop polyester recycling reduces the dependence on rough oil, produces less pollution as there is less godforsaken burning and progresses the reuse of old polyester apparels. ( Patagonia, 2009 ) Nylon/Polyamide Recycling ( chemical recycling ) Old fishing cyberspace and rugs can be used for nylon recycling. This recycling procedure is similar to the polyester recycling, but polyamide recycling is more cost- and time-intensive, as the procedure is more sophisticated. The recycled narrations are largely, but non wholly, used for back packs or for bags. The quality is non affected by the recycling procedure. ( Klattermusen, n.d ) The statute law in some states will perchance forbid the disposal of rugs in landfills. With this action, the client will be forced to recycle old rug, but this statute law has non yet passed. However there is a committedness by different companies which supply industrial rugs to take part in a nylon recycling plan. Furthermore there are different roll uping points for old rug in each state. ( Greener-Industry, n.d. ) There are some illustrations of companies which already offer a recycling plan: Klattermusen Since March 2009 Klattermusen offers a new recycling and recovery system, â€Å" rECOver. † Each point which is reclaimable has a sedimentation of one, five, 10 or 20 Euros. If the client brings these merchandises back to the shop, they get the sedimentation back. Each merchandise has an note of the sum of the sedimentation. Another portion of the plan is that used and patched merchandises are donated to a public trust. This recycling plan consists of the following reclaimable stuffs: nylon, polyester, polypropene and metal. It is one of the lone outdoor companies which recycles nylon and polypropene, as it is hard to retrieve these two substances and every bit good as dearly-won. ( Klattermusen, n.d. ) Goretex In 1993 Gore launched a undertaking named â€Å" Gore Balance Project, † which received the European Outdoor Award for Innovation. It was the first possibility to recycle in the dress industry. The purpose of this plan was to recycle fabric laminate, but the clients were non ready at that clip to take part in the undertaking. As a consequence of the low engagement degrees, Gore had to halt this recycling undertaking. Gore company coined the term â€Å" balanced-project. † Old Goretex-coats will be deconstructed into their belongingss and reused. ( Gore, 2007 ) VAUDE /Sympatex This company is a rival to Goretex. They invented a 100 % reclaimable membrane which is made of O, C and H. These constituents are easy reclaimable, like PET bottles. Additionally there is no fluorcarbon used, and they have the bluesign standard enfranchisement. The bluesign strandard will be explained in Chapter 3.5.2. VAUDE is the official spouse of Sympatex. They produced a new out-of-door aggregation under the slogan â€Å" Reduce, Re-use, Recycle. † The aggregation is high quality, therefore long-lasting, and it made of 100 % reclaimable polyester. Fjallraven In 2012 the first reclaimable coats will be sold. ( Fjalleraven, 2010 ) The company has three different constituents in their recycling plan, â€Å" ECOSHELL. † First, fluorocarbon is non used any longer in the coats. This chemical substance was used in the membrane for impregnation. It is a really effectual substance, but on the other manus it has several negative effects. One point is the substance is found in the nutrient concatenation, secondly, the decomposition clip is over 30 old ages and last but non least it is really hard to recycle. That ‘s why they now use a new substance which is natural. It is a new process invented by Rudolfgroup. The name of the new substance is BIONIC. Second the company is cognizant of the planetary heating, which is besides affected through the recycling plan. â€Å" That ‘s why they support an environmentally friendly aureate criterion undertaking, they have non-polluting energy production every bit good they cut down the depen dence on fossil fuels † ( Fjalleraven, n. d. ) . Last but non least, they employ the â€Å" Eco Circle † recycling system for polyester. The combination of all three points are indispensable to the company, as all influence the environment. ( Fjalleraven, n. vitamin D. ) Figure 8: Recycling Program of Patagonia Patagonia Inc. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patagonia.com/web/eu/popup/common_threads/index.jsp ) In 1993 Patagonia produced SynchillaA ® jackets from sodium carbonate bottles. In 2005 the â€Å" Common Threads Garment Recycling Program † was launched. This take-back plan collects old polyester merchandises to recycle into new narration. Customers have two different possibilities to take part in the recycling plan of Patagonia. One would be to return the points to the shop – frequently they have a box there – and the 2nd possibility is to direct it straight by station to Patagonia. They collect all the garments and direct them by ship to Japan, where the recycling procedure happens. ( Patagonia, n. d. ) â€Å" Wear it out ; drop it off ; we recycle it ; it lives onaˆÂ ¦ † is the claim of Patagonia ‘s recycling system, as it can be seen in Figure 11.Recycling CompaniesTeijin The whole company has different sections. The biggest portion is the scope of man-made fibres. Teijin is the lone company that provides a recycling plan in polyester. These recycled polyester fibres can be used for fabrics in the car, outdoor and dress industries. â€Å" Eco Circle † was launched in 2002. This recycling plan is environmentally friendly. Nowadays 200 companies are involved in â€Å" Eco Circle. † The tendency is that different states such as the U.S. , China, Europe and Japan have a higher environmental consciousness than all immature clients, which increases the reclaimable market. ( Shrestha, 2009 ) Polartec This company produces utmost conditions protection fabrics, insularity beds and lightweight wicking base beds. Polartec is used in many countries, like the Marine Corps, Navy, Army and Air Force, every bit good as in the out-of-door industry. Thankss to coaction with companies which offer recycled narration, the recycled merchandise line has risen from less than 1 % to over 30 % in over four old ages. This fact leads besides to a decrease in emanation and energy ingestion. Since 2010 they have partnered with Unifi, as they produce ‘Repreve ‘ narration which is made out of recycled PET bottles. Polartec is confident that with this partnership the recycled merchandise line will turn steadily. ( Polartec, 2010 ) Unifi It is a company which produces multi-filament polyester and nylon textured narrations. These man-made fibres are non merely produced from natural stuff but besides from PET. This fibre is on the market with the name ‘Repreve. ‘ They produce polyester fibres every bit good as nylon fibres. The nylon fibres are made out of consumer fibre waste, whereas the polyester fibres are made out of both consumer fibre waste and consumer plastic waste like PET-bottles. In a lb of ‘Repreve ‘ narration, there are 27 processed PET bottles. These sustainable and recycled fibres are chiefly used by the dress industry, but they are besides used in the furniture and auto industries. A partnership between Polartec and Unifi shows the tendency in the outdoor industry to utilize ecological narration. ( Repreve, 2008 )Recycling Ecologically Worthwhile?The contention environing recycling is large. On the cyberspace there are different forums where this issue is being discussed. In thi s chapter merely some statements out of assorted web logs, web sites and interviews held at the OutDoor Freidrichshafen will be highlighted. Maverick ( n.d. ) is convinced that presents planetary heating, natural instability and H2O deficits are scare tactics. This fact, that the universe is stoping, needs to be stopped, through recycling. This is a crutch, because people who recylcle believe they are profiting the environment, but the recycling procedure itself consumes a batch of energy and causes sometimes more pollution than natural stuffs, harmonizing to Maverick. Maverick ( n.d. ) describes the crutch as follows: â€Å" In a mode similar to medieval Christians purchasing indulgences from priests to be forgiven for their wickednesss without really making anything, recycling may be something we believe to be right and effectual merely because we ‘ve been told it is. † The consequence should be, that people reuse merchandises and alter their consumer behaviour. ( Maverick, n.d. ) Furthermore, a web log from May ( 2007 ) describes the PET recycling as an unuseful pattern. First of wholly, a batch of C is emitted anyhow, as the bottles need to be shipped to China and the new apparels back. Second the apparels made out of the old PET bottels are non recycable any longer and will stop in a landfill. The apparels are at that place for over 24,000 old ages until they are smoldered. About the transportation cost, Heimann ( personal communicating, July 17, 2010 ) comments that presents, Europeans are so addicted to Asia and to America, that the ships are geting anyhow. These ships have to return to the state of beginning, and it makes no pots to make so without lading. ( Heimann, 2010 ) The company Teijin conducted a research survey about the energy ingestion in a closed-loop recycling system with polyester. The consequence indicates that with the resources saved, energy and CO2 emanation is besides reduced. This computation is made by mensurating the CO2 emanation and energy needed for the recycling procedure, every bit good as that emitted and needed by the production with natural stuffs. To have new polyester, rough oil is needed. To bore rough oil, far more energy is needed than the sum recycling requires. The consequences are shown in the figures below. Figure 9: Decrease of CO2 Emission thanks to Recycling ( Beginning: Leaflet Teijin, Japan † ECOCIRCLE † ) The laminitis of the â€Å" Red, White and Green † Blog, Jennifer Grayson, is convinced about the positive facets of the recycling procedure. In 2005, recycling saved an one-year norm usage of energy of 9 million families. This has a direct impact on planetary heating. There is another positive point which concerns employment. The recycling and remanufacturing sectors account for about one million occupations. ( Grayson, 2009 ) The outdoor industry has been criticized for the environmental harm the concern causes, every bit good as for the bad on the job conditions. However the industry has made an attempt to antagonize these negative facets by cut downing their C footmark and by using societal policies every bit good as back uping environmentally friendly undertakings. Some illustrations of eco-conscious methods to accomplish betterment are shown. ( Jo, 2010 ) 1. CSR Corporate societal duty ( CSR ) is an of import manner for a company to demo its duty towards the societal and ecological environment. A competitory border is received by utilizing CSR as a scheme to separate between trade names. ( Jo, 2010 ) 2. Life Cycle Analysis The entire impact on environment has to be understood if the company is interested in bring forthing green merchandises. This impact can be analyzed thanks to the cost construction. This is possible through analysing the life rhythm of a merchandise. All has to be considered, the natural stuff, fabrication, the distribution, every bit good as the usage of the merchandise and last but non least, its disposal. With each measure of the procedure, costs are associated. ( Ciambrone, 1997 ) A cost illustration is shown by Ciambrone ( 1997, pp.1 ) : Design costs Stocking/handling costs User/operating costs Disposal costs Fabrication costs Shipping/transportation costs Reuse/recycle costs Compliance/licensing costs Reducing the cost besides reduces the environmental impact. A company should seek to cut down the life rhythm costs of their merchandises. ( Ciambrone, 1997 ) 3. Ecological Footprint It is a mensurating tool to sort merchandises and services, a company, an organisation, industry sectors, single life styles, vicinities, metropoliss, parts or states. In an LCA, the ecological footmark is ever calculated. What impact a merchandise or a company has on the environment and on the society will be measured. An analysis of the merchandise or the company will be done. There are different standards, such as recyclability, emanation used to bring forth the merchandise and resources used. All factors are evaluated and a computation shows the consequence. The thought behind this is that clients have the possibility to compare the merchandises or companies based on their environmental friendliness. ( Global-Footprint-Network, 2010 ) Goverments and consumers play a active function in forcing frontward the demand for an ecological footmark. ( Jo, 2010 ) 4. Bluesign Certificate To cut down the environmental footmark of the fabric industry, the bluesign criterion was created. Each fabric and yarn maker can use for the certification, but to measure up, it needs to run into the high criterion defined by bluesign. Each company is analyzed exactly. The points evaluated by bluesign ( 2010 ) are the undermentioned: Resources productiveness Consumerism Sewage H2O Discharged air Job safety ( p. 24 ) Retailers and clients can acquire a good orientation about assorted companies thanks to this alone criterion from bluesign. ( bluesign, 2010 ) In the hereafter, companies have to take the duty for cut downing their C footmark. Additionally if the credibleness has to be steady, companies have to be crystalline with their sustainability steps. ( Jo, 2010 )DrumheadFrom the recycling position, a rethinking is besides taking topographic point. Closed-loop supply concatenation are needed in all industries. The open-loop supply concatenation does non hold a long life any longer. The best scenario would be if merchandises are used and reused until the merchandise loses its map, at which point it should be recycled. This manner, the merchandise does non complete as waste at the end-of-life stage but has a possibility to last in another merchandise ( downcycling ) or as the same merchandise ( upcycling ) . These procedures help to protect the environment.