The Public Market - Company Managers Should be Public Actors Rather than Private Agents :: Public Administration Economics

The Public Market - Company Managers Should be Public Actors Rather than Private Agents Conceptual: The commercial center as an organization appreciates far reaching fame today. Numerous business analysts hold that the greater part of society’s issues could be best illuminated by applying the market component to them. Government, on the other hand, is broadly viewed as an issue instead of an answer. Some might want to see the legislature rebuilt along advertise lines with the goal that strategies would follow voter decision, as items follow that of shoppers. A few, myself notwithstanding, accept that a world wherein all connections are rendered matters of private decision would do not have the open bliss that originates from interest out in the open talk and deliberate activity. In this paper I address what it would mean for the market to be really open. A market that is really open will debilitate theoretical venture so chiefs of different firms can focus on the drawn out great of making a social establishment through which the deliberate endeavors of different partners are composed. Along these lines, partners can improve the world through their work. The market as a foundation appreciates boundless notoriety today. It is held by numerous financial analysts, those of the Chicago School particularly, that every social issue †wrongdoing, training, medicinal services, and segregation †are reasonable by utilization of the market system. (1) Politics and government, on the other hand, are considered by numerous individuals to be issues instead of arrangements. Some today even look for open office absolutely to keep government from carrying on its capacities, since they and their bodies electorate have lost confidence in government and open life. These traditionalists accept that privatizing government capacities, by supplanting open activities and organizations with private firms, will build up new opportunity for individuals to follow up on advertise decisions instead of to submit parents in law and authoritative choices came to through the political procedure. Others would reconstitute government in a more market-like way, with the goal that political pondering and choice ought to follow from open decisions as merchandisers follow the preferences and inclinations of clients. For open decision scholars, also, the open character of governmental issues ought to be supplanted by the private choices of voters/shoppers on the choices introduced them by their past pioneers. (2) The open character of life is being lost. Our general public is being organized by the selections of residents worried about themselves and their families and colleagues, as opposed to with the bigger open, which is progressively yet a total of private people at any rate.

Relative and Radiometric Dating

Two general procedures used to make sense of the period of rocks is relative dating and radiometric dating. We will look into the qualities and shortcomings of the two strategies. As indicated by Lutgens and Tarbuck, Relative dating is the procedure in placing occasions in their legitimate succession. Relative dating depends on supposition, not ready to give a precise date but rather an expected timespan where the stone began from. A Danish researcher, Nicolaus Steno is authorize for the Law of Superposition. This law fundamentally reveals to us that each layer of sedimentary stone is more youthful than the one underneath it which is delineated in figure 8. in the content. Steno is likewise licensed for the Principle of Original Horizontality. The standard is appeared in figure 8. 4 in the content indicating rocks exacerbating with silt heightening in stature that have not been upset by land unsettling influences. Another relative dating process is the Principle of Cross-Cutting Rela tionships. This happens when issues compel themselves through more established rocks. This implies the shortcomings or dams have infiltrated layers of silt that were saved some time before the interruption. By executing these hypotheses and procedures, we can accept a timeframe in the Earth’s history where these stones begin from. Nonetheless, this is a suspicion and not a particular time as appeared in figure 8. 10. Radiometric dating is the way toward assessing the time of rocks from the rot of radioactive components inside the stone example. This procedure uses radioactive isotopes to date volcanic rocks. These radioactive isotopes have an unmistakable number of particles that current themselves insecure. These iotas will unavoidably rot through a progression of advancements. We will accept Uranium as model. Uranium will at last rot into the steady component lead. The dad component being the Uranium and the final product making the girl component lead. Radioisotope dating is utilized to date volcanic rocks that have cooled from their liquid stage. it is expected that all girl components have gotten away through the monstrous warmth. Once cooled, no components will get away from dependent on suspicion. If components do get away, is through radioactive rot. As per Lutgens and Tarbuck, The rot rate that happens is estimated in Half Life. This is the time allotment that one portion of the rest of the molecules to rot. This can be estimated in a research facility by finding the rot rate and checking time in reverse to discover the age of the stone example. Relative dating and radiometric dating have numerous qualities yet in addition numerous shortcomings. Relative dating gives a general time span where the stone exists while Radiometric dating has a logical equation to give a progressively precise record on where the stone started from. Nonetheless, it is protected to assume that the two procedures depend on supposition and not exacting logical truth.

Coping With Pre-Competition Nervousness

Coping With Pre-Competition Nervousness Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Coping With Pre-Competition Nervousness By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on January 03, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Westend61 / Getty Images Everyone gets a little nervous before a big game or athletic event. However, for those who experience the severe symptoms associated with social anxiety disorder (SAD), the quality of their athletic performance will often suffer. The relationship between anxiety and athletic performance is so strong?? that a whole field of psychologyâ€"sports psychologyâ€"has been devoted to helping athletes combat nerves. Fortunately, you can use a number of strategies to help overcome game-day jitters and manage anxiety before it gets out of hand. Visualization Many elite athletes use visualization to improve performance, develop confidence, and manage anxiety. Visualization, also known as imagery or mental rehearsal, involves imagining yourself successfully competing at an athletic event. In order to make visualization work, close your eyes and imagine the physical movements that you would make in order to be successful in competition. Try to imagine yourself moving at the same speed as you would in real life. Also, make sure that you are imagining from your own perspective â€" not from that of an observer. You should be viewing the scene (the crowd, the field) as you would if you were really thereâ€"not watching yourself compete. Some tips for making visualization work? Do whatever you can to make the imagined experience seem as real as possible. If going to an empty football field and sitting on the bench helps you make the imagined experience more real, by all means, do so.If the noise of the crowd is likely to distract you during a  competition, see if you can find an audio recording with crowd noises that you can play while you visualize the event. Whatever you can do to make the imagined experience feel real will aid in translating what you imagine into what you achieve. Visualization Techniques Can Help Manage Your Symptoms Goal Setting Clearly defined goals help to measure successâ€"but goals that are too lofty can leave you overwhelmed and unsure of your abilities. Choose goals that are achievable but challenging and, when possible, break tasks down into smaller parts with a series of short-term goals. Relaxation Techniques Relaxation techniques are helpful for reducing the physical symptoms of anxiety such as an increased heart rate, tense muscles, and quick and shallow breathing. These techniques can be used at any time leading up to a performance or competition and may be particularly helpful when practiced the night before or in the hours preceding an event to help keep nerves at bay. Two of the most common relaxation techniques are diaphragmatic breathing and progressive muscle relaxation. Popular Relaxation Techniques for Anxiety Cognitive Restructuring Cognitive restructuring refers to changing habitual ways of thinking. In the case of anxiety about athletic performance, cognitive restructuring helps you evaluate bodily arousal differentlyâ€"much in the way that elite athletes channel arousal into excitement and the ability to rise to the challenge. Changing the way you think about competitions can also be helpful. Planning to always do your best, regardless of how important you think competition is, allows you to attach less significance to major competitions and in turn reduce anxiety about your performance. Being aware of your thoughts and feelings is the key to managing the cognitive symptoms of anxiety. Recognizing negative thoughts when they first enter your mind allows you to stop them before they take hold so you can replace them with more positive ones. Change Your Thoughts, Reduce Your Social Anxiety Develop Self-Confidence It can be hard to imagine being confident in a competition if you usually crumble under pressure. However, you can take specific steps to help increase self-confidence. Focus on past successes instead of failures. Make practice and preparation a priority and continue until you have no doubt left about your ability to succeed.?? Are you still having trouble with self-confidence? Remember to visualize. Imagine yourself confidently competing over and over again until that becomes your new reality. How Self-Esteem Affects Social Anxiety Disorder Distract Yourself Of course, you don’t want to be distracted during a competition, but immediately beforeâ€"why not? Talk with teammates or fellow competitors, read a book, listen to musicâ€"whatever helps keep your mind from generating negative thoughts. Focus on What You Can Control If you find yourself worrying about who is in the crowd watching you, or that the other competitors are better than youâ€"remind yourself that these are aspects of the competition that are out of your control. What you can control is your own performance, how well prepared you are, and how well you implement techniques and strategies such as progressive muscle relaxation and imagery. Unfortunately, some people experience severe anxiety in athletic performance situations that is not improved through the use of self-help strategies. Indeed, sometimes just visiting with a therapist can boost the usefulness of these strategiesâ€"first  because you are accountable to someone for the work that you do and the progress that you make and second because there is someone who believes that you can get better. 6 Tips for Opening Up to Your Therapist When You Have Social Anxiety If your symptoms are getting worse, consider speaking to your doctor or asking for a referral to a mental health professional who can determine whether you meet criteria for a diagnosis of SAD, and what form of treatment is best suited to your situation.

Poetry Is The Expression Of A Strong Feeling Of Emotions

Poetry is the expression of a strong feeling of emotions that are unleashed onto paper. There are many different periods of poetry that existed over time, but none have shown as much as a rebellious phase as the Romantic era. Romantic poets, tired of the exploitation of the oppressed and the power of the oppressor, felt the need to rebel against social norms. Those poets believed that more focus should be placed on who a person was, and not what their society expects them to become. Such poets like George Gordon, also known as Lord Byron, and Percy Bysshe Shelley, thrived off of ideas that allowed them to explore new boundaries in poetry and challenge what was expected of them as poets. Instead of producing works that only the upper†¦show more content†¦Once the sun was removed from this world, the people â€Å"...forgot their passions in the dread of their desolation; and all hearts were chill’d into a selfish prayer for light† (Byron). In other words, all of humanity seemed to abandon their former selves, regardless of whether they were rich or poor, in favor of practically begging for any source of light to return. It got to the point where their hearts, or souls, were morphed into a selfish and ruthless mindset. Instead of keeping their morals and being kind to one another, the people fought and destroyed any resource they had without any thought of how it would affect others and the land. As a result, these people lost an awareness of themselves and who they were as they let the ignorance of their situation wash over them. The sun had represented life and hope for the people, so as they desperately tried to find sources of light to replace the sun with, they ironically were losing life as well as hope as the days passed. Eventually the poem ends with no life on Earth, but gives a final thought that â€Å"Darkness had no need of aid from them - She was the Universe† (Byron). The personification of Darkness and the Universe symb olizes them as opposites - death and life. With the darkness that overtook the Earth and led to its quick destruction by the humans, the Universe represents the cycle of life, that soon the darkness shall pass and a new beginning will start onShow MoreRelated What is Art? Essay845 Words   |  4 Pagesexpress ourselves to give us better insight into our own feelings. Art can, in contrast, allow us to stir emotions from within the viewer, occasionally leaving the viewer with an awakened or refreshed outlook. Some may only consider a work as art if it requires a particular skill from the artist, however, art can actually be viewed as simply another form of communication. No matter what form this expression takes, whether dance, poetry or the painted canvas, people have reasons for pursuing theRead MoreDad Artistic And Literary Movement950 Words   |  4 Pagesestablished traditions of art or literature, Dada became the first major anti-art/literature movement. Apart from not meet ing the criteria of the definition of music, poetry, and art, the subjectivity of dada works makes it difficult to classify them as conventional music, poetry, and art. According to the dictionary, art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for theirRead MoreEmily Dickinson : Love, Life And Passion950 Words   |  4 Pagesshe was born in Amherst, a small provincial town of Massachusetts. For more than three decades of her creative activity she wrote nearly, 1775 poems and 1049 letters. 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First, Victorian literature is basically just literature written during the reign of Queen Victoria in

Child Rearing Essay example - 1495 Words

â€Å"Corporal punishment is the use of physical force causing pain, but not wounds, as a means of discipline.† Definition of Corporal Punishment by Unicef- Educate! Don’t Punish! Awareness Campaign Physical punishment was very common. In the past corporal punishment was by not only applied to children. It was used on adults as well. In England from the Middle Ages whipping was a common punishment for minor crimes. In the 18th century whipping or flogging was a common punishment in the British army and navy. This type of punishment was abolished in England in 1881. (Lambert P.2) From the Middle Ages to the late 20th century children were disciplined with rods or rulers in schools, work and at home. (Lambert P.2 ) After the Bible a lot of†¦show more content†¦The only care is, that it be begun early, and inflexibly kept to till awe and respect be grown familiar, and there appears not the least reluctancy in the submission, and ready obedience of their minds. When this reverence is once thus established, (which it must be early, or else it will cost pains and blows to recover it, and the more the longer it is deferrd) tis by it, still mixd with as much indulgence as they make not an ill use of, and not by beating, chiding, or other servile punishments, they are for the future to be governd as they grow up to more understanding.† (Section 43-46 Modern History Soucebook) Locke believed in maintaining a firm control of the child. He was not an advocate for overly admonishing or beating a child. Locke believed that corporal punishment and negative punishments would hinder a child’s capacity to learn and be educated. He also believed that children’s educational material should directly relate to their station in life. In other word’s full education spectrum would be reserved for the higher class of gentlemen where as the poor would be served in learning a trade. Jean – Jacques Rousseau who wrote Emile also was an advocate for positive reinforcement. He emphasized freedom. Rousseau is viewed as a romantic. Rousseau ‘s belief in natural goodness was in direct opposition to the Puritan belief that people are born with â€Å"Origin Sin†. HeShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Child Rearing1130 Words   |  5 Pages1. Dr. John Watson, in his advocation in favor of nurture stated essentially, as we had discussed in some of our class sessions, that his approach to child rearing would have a direct impact on outcomes. It could be argued that child rearing is the one thing that could counter cultural influences as being more impactful. We discussed closed cultures such as those from the east where members work in a collectivist way to benefit society as a whole. 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Living in a Global Society Rubric Free Essays

Living in a Global Society Integrated Unit Assignment and Rubric/Feedback Sheet Description: Teacher candidates will develop an instructional unit based on a realistic fiction trade book. Additional information: 1. The selected trade book will have part or all of its setting in a country other than the United States of America. We will write a custom essay sample on Living in a Global Society Rubric or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. The unit will display integration of language arts (English usage, writing/composition, and spelling), reading (comprehension and fluency), math, science, social studies, the arts, physical education, and student use of technology. . The arts, physical education, and technology will need to be integrated into only one lesson each somewhere within your unit. These do not need to be done on a daily basis. b. Language arts, reading, math, science, social studies will need to be integrated into each day’s instructional planning. 3. Learning activities need to incorporate at least three of the five following items: a. Culture and cultural diversity b. Time, continuity, and change c. Economic, scientific, and technological development d. Individuals, groups, and institutions . Civic ideals and practice of the country that is the setting of the book 4. The integrated unit will cover three complete days’ instruction. Local pacing guides are not to be taken into account. The three days of instruction will be done on Plan Book Sheets. Please indicate content areas that are being integrated. 5. All appropriate standards for each integrated lesson are to be listed. 6. Template for submitting on following page. 7. One full day’s instruction will also be developed using the Blueprint Lesson Plan format. Candidates will pick any one of the three days developed on Plan Book Sheets as the day that also gets Lesson Plans. 8. Candidates will have an individual checkpoint meeting with their instructor to ensure appropriate progress is being made towards completion of this assignment. 9. Candidates will bring a copy of their Rubric/Response Sheet for Individual Unit Meetings to their unit meeting with starred items completed before meeting 10. Completed unit assignments will be submitted in a zip bag on a flash drive with rubric. After any editing, the candidate will upload finalized version to Task Stream. 11. Please email questions to me at emily. long@uncp. edu ELE 4030: Living in a Global Society Plan Book Sheet for Unit Assignment Trade book used and grade level of instruction: Snow Treasure by Marie McSwigan – Grade 4 Instructional day: (Circle appropriate one) Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Focus for this day: Introduction of Story – Vocabulary, Geography, Science and Math Content area (s) addressed in this lesson: Reading, Writing , Geography, Social Studies , Science and Math Reado ELE 4030: Living in a Global Society Plan Book Sheet for Unit Assignment Trade book used and grade level of instruction: Snow Treasure by Marie McSwigan – Grade 4 Instructional day: (Circle appropriate one) Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Focus for this day: Continuation of Story – Comprehension, Geography, Science and Math Content area (s) addressed in this lesson: Reading, Writing , Geography, Social Studies , Science and Math Reado ELE 4030: Living in a Global Society Plan Book Sheet for Unit Assignment Trade book used and grade level of instruction: Snow Treasure by Marie McSwigan – Grade 4 Instructional day: (Circle appropriate one) Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Focus for this day: Conclusion of Story – Comprehension, Geography, Science and Math Content area (s) addressed in this lesson: Reading, Writing , Geography, Social Studies , Science and Math Reado The University of North Carolina at Pembroke School of Education – Teacher Education ELE 4030: Living in a Global Society Integrated Unit Assignment and Rubric/Feedback Sheet Candidate: | |Aspect of Assignment | Possible points | |Cover sheet (Candidate’s name, course, semester year, Integrated Unit based on †¦ (name of trade book), level of |-10 if missing or | |instruction |incomplete | |Plan book sheet completeness clarity |10 | |Lesson plans in Elementary Lesson Plan Format, completeness, and clarity |10 | |Curriculum integration |10 | |Language arts strategies |10 | |Reading strategies |10 | |Math strategies |10 | |Science strategies |10 |Social studies strategies |10 | |Arts strategies |5 | |Physical education strategies |5 | |Student use of technology |5 | |Developmental appropriateness |5 | |Total points earned out of 100 Instructor comments | | | |/100 | | | | University of North Carolina at Pembroke School of Education – Elementary Education Department Rubric/Response Sheet for Individual Unit Meetings **Candidate: Cristy Prince | |**Book used author: Snow Treasure by Marie McSwigan | |**Appointment day time: Tuesday, October 11, 2011 at 4:00 p. m. | |Aspect of Assignment |Possible Points | |On time for appointment |10 | |One day’s Plan Book Sheets |20 | |Three Lesson Plans in Elementary Lesson Plan Format |20 | |Curriculum Integration 20 | |Meshing of activities with appropriate standards |20 | |Clarity/precise language |10 | | |100 | |Subtotal | | |Rubric not provided by candidate |-15 | |Rubric provided but starred items not completed |-15 | | | | |Total | | Comments: ———————– Standards/Competencies: English Language Arts – Goal 1: The learner will apply enabling strategies and skills to read and write. Goal 2: The learner will apply strategies and skills to comprehend text that is read, heard, and viewed. Goal 3: The learner will make connections with text through the use of oral language, written language, and media and technology. Goal 4: The learner will apply strategies and skills to create oral, visual and written texts. Goal 5: The learner will apply grammar and language conventions to communicate effectively. Social Studies – Goal 2: The learner will examine the importance of the role of ethnic groups and examine the multiple roles they have played in the development of North Carolina. Science – Goal 1: The learner will make observations and conduct investigations to build an understanding of animal behavior and adaptation. Math – Goal 1: Number and Operations – The learner will read, write, model, and compute with non-negative rational numbers. Activities/Strategies: We will begin the day with the reading of Snow Treasure by Marie McSwigan. The teacher will read aloud the first 10 chapters, stopping along the way to introduce vocabulary (Norway, Norse, kroner, Nazi, etc. ) and geography (Norway, the Arctic Circle, Poland, Germany, Britain, and France). The day’s activities will also include a summary written by the students on what has been read to them thus far. They will be asked to begin to think what role the Norse have played in the development of our country and what, if any, they have played in our state. We will also discuss how both humans and animals adapt to such a cold, harsh climate. During math, we will continue talking about Norway and their system of currency. We will work on currency conversions, starting with a basic lesson and then moving on to using the web site www. xe. om to practice further. We will further this concept in the computer lab in the afternoon with www. ixl. com. Standards/Competencies: English Language Arts – Goal 1: The learner will apply enabling strategies and skills to read and write. Goal 2: The learner will apply strategies and skills to comprehend text that is read, heard, and viewed. Goal 3: The learner will make connections with text through the use of oral language, written language, and media and technology. Goal 4: The learner will apply strategies and skills to create oral, visual and written texts. Goal 5: The learner will apply grammar and language conventions to communicate effectively. Social Studies – Goal 2: The learner will examine the importance of the role of ethnic groups and examine the multiple roles they have played in the development of North Carolina. Science – Goal 1: The learner will make observations and conduct investigations to build an understanding of animal behavior and adaptation. Math – Goal 1: Number and Operations – The learner will read, write, model, and compute with non-negative rational numbers. Activities/Strategies: We will begin the day with the reading of Snow Treasure by Marie McSwigan. The teacher will read aloud chapters 11-20, stopping along the way to introduce any new vocabulary and/or geography. The day’s activities will also include a summary written by the students on what has been read to them thus far. They will be asked to revisit our discussion about what role the Norse have played in the development of our country and what, if any, they have played in our state. We will also discuss what animals indigenous to our country could survive in Norway. During math, we will continue talking about Norway and how they moved their gold from the cave to the Snake. We will work on word problems that revisit such a conundrum to figure what it would take to move amounts from site to site. We will further this concept in the computer lab in the afternoon with www. ixl. com. Standards/Competencies: English Language Arts – Goal 1: The learner will apply enabling strategies and skills to read and write. Goal 2: The learner will apply strategies and skills to comprehend text that is read, heard, and viewed. Goal 3: The learner will make connections with text through the use of oral language, written language, and media and technology. Goal 4: The learner will apply strategies and skills to create oral, visual and written texts. Goal 5: The learner will apply grammar and language conventions to communicate effectively. Social Studies – Goal 2: The learner will examine the importance of the role of ethnic groups and examine the multiple roles they have played in the development of North Carolina. Science – Goal 1: The learner will make observations and conduct investigations to build an understanding of animal behavior and adaptation. Math – Goal 4: Data Analysis and Probability – The learner will understand and use graphs, probability, and data analysis. Healthful Living Education – Goal 6: The learner will demonstrate competency in a variety of movement forms and proficiency in a few to gain competence towards lifetime physical activities (NASPE Standard 1). Activities/Strategies: We will begin the day with the reading of Snow Treasure by Marie McSwigan. The teacher will read aloud chapters 21-30, stopping along the way to introduce any new vocabulary and/or geography. The day’s activities will also include a summary written by the students on what has been read to them thus far. They will be asked to revisit our discussion about what role the Norse have played in the development of our country and what, if any, they have played in our state. Students will be asked to draw pictures of what adaptations they believe that we as North Carolinians would need to make to survive in Norway. In this picture, they will also draw a picture of their favorite NC indigenous animal with their adaptations. During math, we will wrap up our discussion on Norway with a Venn diagram comparing and contrasting the Norse with Americans. We will further this with a bar graph of what students believe to be attributes common to both countries. To wrap-up our journey into Norway, we will practice our â€Å"sled-moves† during recess. The students will work both individually as well as in pairs to come up with the most original slalom. How to cite Living in a Global Society Rubric, Essay examples

Two of the most important things Essay Example Essay Example

Two of the most important things Essay Example Paper Two of the most important things Essay Introduction In marketing two of the most important things are the marketing segmentation and the marketing- mix. Even if you come up with a â€Å"gee-whiz† product, if you do not use the right marketing ingredients the result can be devastating.Nowadays, Sony is the one of the most successfully growing electronic companies in the world but it cannot be attributed just to the technology and the innovation.Sony’s marketing segmentation consists of four different lines: electronics (camera, computer, camcorder, TV, Walkman, MP3 players), Sony Music and Sony Pictures, digital entertainment (Play Station) and mobile phone (SonyEricsson).One of the biggest steps in Sony’s life was when the Sony Computer Entertainment sector was set up with the Play Station 1 (PS1) concept, and later developed with the Play Station 2 (PS2) concept.By the mid-1990s, the whole company was in a deep funk. Its profits had sunk from a high of $1,3 billion in 1992 to a loss of $3,3 billion in 1995. The s olution was the Play Station division in 1993. Less than 5-years later, the Play station business had grown to achieve an incredible 40% of Sony’s $3 billion in operating profits and nowadays, it brings nearly half of the company’s profits and Sony owns the biggest share from this market in the world.So how was this success compromised?Task 1SEGMENTATIONSony endeavours to understand its customers as much as possible. The marketing segmentation makes the process more efficient and effective. It divides the market into small pieces and targets people who belong to the same group and feel the same desire for a product.Geographic:Sony visibly goes all out for to supply individual customers. The company concentrates its efforts in three key markets: USA, EU and Japan but it is also represented in 200 countries with support in 68 languages. Such a globally segmented market allows the organisation to focus specifically on the needs of their particular markets. The Sony Comput er Entertainment America (SCEA) has been set up by Sony to focus specifically on the USA market while the Sony Computer Entertainment Europe (SCEE) cares for the European consumers.A good example of how this has materialised is that its console and marketing of the product for the Japanese market. Sony focused on the fact that more than 20 million people have got high-speed internet connections and hence it offers PS2 with on-line function1. However, in the USA market the situation was different and they realised that the version did not have an on-line function.Mr. Jack Tretton, vice president of SCEA says: † Twenty per cent of customers choose the on-line PS2 and its eighty per cent buy the cheaper off-line product.†In the European market the EU member countries dominate, especially Western Europe. The major software writers are based in London, Paris, and Vienna to supply the huge game demand.Demographic:Gender- In the beginning, most software developed was specific t o the young male, like fighting and shooting games. Soon, however, Sony realised that it could benefit from the female members of society too. In 2004, it launched its innovation: the Eye Toy. It is a special camera which players can see themselves on the screen in real time and play table tennis, boxing, cleaning windows and drumming for example. This has been a success in 2003- 2.4 million pieces were sold. (Index 2004)Age- The PS1 console technically is inferior to the PS2 that it is also cheaper. It has fewer aggressive games so it is perfect for people age between 6 and 11. PS2 is more professional both in hardware and software hence the age segmentation is between 12 and 19.The newest Play Station console will probably be promoted in 2006 with special features. The processor might be implemented from the modernist IBM technology, which is used in the famous Power-Apple PC. It will also have internet modem so even adult players can find access the Internet playing on the networ k against each other.Psychographic:In Japan, Sony describes the Play Station 2 as an entirely new dohyou, using the Japanese world for sumo ring. Sometimes playing a game can mean more than just fun. People like playing and winning. It can be more serious even among adults. These people with achiever and ambitious personalities like to â€Å"challenge everything† (EA GAMES- one of the biggest software producer company).Behavioural:Benefit- Sony’s strategy is based on the fact that it tries to persuade consumers that its brand offers the best quality for their money and it is different from the others.The new PS2 for example, is, super light compared to the other consoles, thus it is mobile and children can take it with them on holiday, for example. With the mobile concept, Sony tries to squeeze out Nintendo’s palm consoles.Loyalty- The customers feel strong loyalty to the Play Station brand. First of all, it comes from the belief that the quality of the product and service satisfy the customers on a high level. Secondly, there is a correlation between the two consoles.Compatibility-The first generation of customers who grew up on PS1 prefer to buy PS2 because they can play with their old games on the new machine. This fact and the brand loyalty ensure that in the long run people become medium or even heavy users.Task 2 (A)MARKETING- MIXThe marketing- mix is the one of the most important things in marketing. The hardest thing is to find out the best mix from the existing ingredients.Product:Brand name- Sony always tries to persuade consumers that its brand offers the best quality for them. The company’s goal is to build a strong brand name to capture consumer loyalty and preference. The Sony name is synonymous with quality and value, while the Play Station name suggests the concept but it is clearly identified separately from the main brand.Hardware- The company spends huge amounts on research and development and is the first to prod uce products. When PS2 was first launched, Sony had made a machine, which was leading edge its features included a 128-bit processor called the â€Å"Emotion Engine† which was three times faster than a Pentium chip of the same vintage.Sony is the only company in the entertainment market which offers so many different designs of hardware: modern silver, serious black and futuristic transparent.The also produce more than 30 supplementary units.Software- From the beginning Play Station was developed in alliance with the biggest software companies such as, 3DO, EIDOS, NAMCO UBISOFT and EA GAMES. It made it able to produce much more software games in the early stages. Lately it has given it a big advantage when rivals want to step into the entertainment market. The key is the range of games- PS 1 and 2 offer more than 1500 games to its new consoles while Microsoft less than 500.Service and experience- Sony ranks customer care highly both before and after purchasing. In the main th is is delivered via the Internet through their very popular www.playstation.com homepage. The customers find product and technical advice, as well as being able to link into other PS customers to discuss matters. They can order and buy hardware and software support, play in networks and if somebody is registered in the database, they will receive special offers and a lot of useful information by e-mail. It brings the customers together and adds to the experience of being part of Play Station.Price:Sony used captive- product pricing for its launch, tried to sell its consoles on relatively cheap and make money on video games, hence it was able to reduce console pricing and increase its profit margin on games titles – to sixty-five per cent in 2002. (Index 2002)The PS2’s biggest rival was Microsoft’s X-Box consoles which were introduced in 2001 but it could not break into the market even though its price is $99 against PS2 which is $149. Sony reacted in 2003 with a new PS2 Satin Silver Edition and it increased sales by 15% because the new product wave was at the right time.Microsoft’s price strategy is simple, it tries to decrease the price. On the other hand, Sony offers its consoles with 2 free games to tempt costumers to buy rather than reduce its price and follow the rivals. Sony also has not entered the market at the low cost end, which its rivals have had to do in order to compete but have relied on its â€Å"Quality† image to support such a pricing strategy. It concentrates on the fact that people often think that if something is relatively cheap, it must be poor quality (even if it is not true).Place:Sony presents its Play Station concept in Asia, Europe, Africa, America and Australia.It promotes its consoles in specialist shops, supermarkets, particularly play shops and other similar places. Here costumers also can play with and test the new hardware and software with the available consoles.Every year the Play Station t ruck travels around America, hence an opportunity presents that customers are able to play and test the new games free in a futuristic surrounding.Promotion:The enterprise spends a lot of money on campaigns especially in the USA to squeeze out its biggest rival from the second biggest market2.Task 2 (A)THE U.S.PWhen first PS1 was launched in 1994, it was the right time to catch the new computer generation and create for them a new entertainment world. Ken Kutaragi dreamed up this new digital world. Kutaragi envisaged a computer business with personality, fun and emotion. After two years’ development engineers accomplished the creation of Play Station (PS1) with a totally new chip with a plastic shell. It was the first to combine a 32-bit processor, a graphics chip, and a decompression engine on the same piece of silicon, otherwise known as a system-on-a-chip. After this big step the entertainment project was launched. The whole concept was supported with product development a nd marketing knowledge on the highest level.SONY COMPUTER ENTERTAINMENT GROWTH IN REVENUES AND OPERATING PROFITS AS PERCENTAGE OF CORPORATE PROFITS,1995-1999 (IN BILLIONS OF YEN)95 96 97 98 99Sony Computer 35 201 408 700 760Entertainment RevenueSony Computer n/a (9) 57 117 137Entertainment OperatingIncomeSony Corporate (167) 235 370 520 339Operating Income(Gary Hamel- Leading the revolution (2000), p-172)Sony has created a different world. The â€Å"Play Station† and the â€Å"See the world of Sony† slogans perfectly reflect how Sony wants people to enjoy themselves and feel something special: get an experience, win in their new life and more than that.In the business the â€Å"consumer is the king† the golden rule is still the most important moment but in Sony’s marketing strategy it has been transformed.Akia Morito: â€Å"Our goal is to lead costumers where they want to go before they know where they want to go.†This is the real power of marketin g, when a company like Sony owns the intellectual property to lead their customers, hence the whole process is more comprehensible and predictable, that is why the strategy is more easily controlled, defended against rivals and monitored. Two of the most important things Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

or Off

Management –Outsourcing and/or Off Introduction In the recent years, various organizations have adopted outsourcing and/or off shoring as part of their long-term strategic management practices in their supply chain management. Tambe and Hitt (2010) define outsourcing as the process of contracting work to a third party. On the other hand, off shoring entails seeking provision of services from a foreign country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management –Outsourcing and/or Off-shoring specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the drastic revolution in technology advancement in the 21st Century, the IT industry has become one of the sectors in which outsourcing is prevalent (Michela Carlotta 2011). Firms in the IT industry are increasingly turning to outsourcing of function and processes by establishing a network of contracts with renowned outsourcers. As a result, the outsourcers exclusively adopt the role of supplying the necessary services or pro ducts. Some of the reasons that have motivated firms to adopt outsourcing include an increase in the intensity of competition and the emergence of a dynamic business environment. Furthermore, the need to deliver a high level of customers’ satisfaction coupled with the need to attain a high level of profitability has also enhanced incorporation of outsourcing amongst organizations. Considering the fact that organizations have to operate under these organizations, the need for a high level of adaptability, flexibility, and capability has increased significantly (Wee, Peng Wee 2010, p. 2081). The concept of outsourcing and off shoring has been in existence in firms’ supply chain-management practices for a number of decades now (Gupta, Seshasai, Mukherji, Ganguly 2006). However, its relevance in the IT industry has increased significantly over the recent past probably at the start of the 21st Century. Firms can accrue a number of benefits through incorporation of outsour cing and or off shoring. Some of the major benefits relate to cost reduction, improved operational flexibility, accessing new technology, and capacity to offer high quality products and services. However, a number of risks factors are associated with outsourcing and off-shoring (Herath Kishore 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This aspect accentuates the importance of firms conducting cost-benefit analysis prior to incorporating outsourcing and or off shoring in their supply chain management practices. The cost-benefit analysis will aid in determining whether the benefits are more than the costs and hence its feasibility. This paper intends to analyze whether the advantages of outsourcing outweigh the disadvantages. Analysis Advantages of off shoring and or outsourcing Creating and protecting firms’ competitive advantage According to Tho (2012), outsou rcing enables organizations to transfer non-core activities to the provider of the services. The supplier of the services in turn assumes the responsibility of delivering the non-core service, which provides an opportunity for the firm to focus on developing its core competencies. Through outsourcing, firms are in a position to nurture areas that are vital for their success. Ultimately, the firm can create and protect its competitive advantage effectively. Through effective implementation of outsourcing, a firm can implement effective human resource development, which emanates from the fact that the firm can acquire new ideas on how to develop its human capital. There are numerous benefits associated with nurturing core competencies. Some of these benefits relate to providing the firm an opportunity to improve its market share. Additionally, the perceived customer benefits with regard to the final product improve significantly. This aspect makes it difficult for competitors to imita te the firm’s product or service. Development of core competency also contributes towards the attainment of advantages associated with economies of scale. One of the main sources of competitive advantage with regard to economies of scale relates to specialization. Through outsourcing, organizations can accrue the benefits associated with the specialized skills of the outsourced vendor.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management –Outsourcing and/or Off-shoring specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Schniederjans, Scherniederjans, and Schniederjans (2005), outsourcing and outsourcing enables organizations to attain their profit maximization objective. This aspect emanates from the fact that the firm can outsource some of its business activities from low cost providers and ultimately the firm is in a position to cater for the cost of operation. Due to profit maximization, firms are in a position to streamline their cash flows. Profit maximization is one of the major factors that can contribute towards development of competitive advantage amongst firms for a firm is in a position to cater for its cost of its operation. Freeing up company resources Outsourcing provides organizations with an opportunity to concentrate on aspects that contribute to a high level of competitive advantage. This element increases the effectiveness and efficiency with which an organization allocates its resources. For example, through outsourcing firms save on the cost of investing in certain technologies necessary for the firm’s operations. Information Technology is one of the main areas that firms are increasingly outsourcing. Focusing in such an area safeguards the firm against the cost of implementing costly IT technologies. Tadelis (2007) asserts that outsourcing enables organizations’ to free some of its resources. By outsourcing and or off shoring some of the activities, organizat ions are left with some resources such assets that can be converted into real cash. The freed resources can be used to undertake other tasks and activities. For example, the firm can invest the money saved through outsourcing in other more lucrative avenues. The ultimate effect is an improvement in the firm’s profit maximization objective. One of the cost elements that organizations can eliminate relates to cost of labour.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Schniederjans, Scherniederjans, and Schniederjans (2005), human resources constitute the largest proportion of firms’ cost of operation. Through outsourcing and or off shoring, an organization can eliminate a significant proportion of labour cost. Before implementing the outsourcing decision, it is imperative for organizations to ensure that they undertake a comparative analysis between outsourcing and undertaking the task itself. The comparative analysis should aid in determining the cost differences. Additionally, outsourcing enables firms to eliminate other operational costs associated with in of such information may relate to product designs and formulas, which presents a confidentiality risk to such an organization. According to Weerakkody and Irani (2010), loss of confidential information may adversely affect the firm’s competitiveness. Prior to implementing the outsourcing decision, it is paramount for the firm being contracted to review the contrac t to determine whether its data is adequately protected. Additionally, the contracting party should also ensure that a penalty clause is incorporated in the event of such an incident occurring. The high rate of technological innovation especially with regard to Information Communication Technology (ICT) presents a major challenge to most organization. Security is one of the major issues being associated with outsourcing and off shoring. To prevent loss of confidential data and information, it is also necessary for the contracting firm to ensure that its computer security system is configured effectively. This element will safeguard the firm against cases of infiltrated by the outsourced firm. The contracting firm should also restrict access of its computer system. Additionally, a background check on the outsourced firm should also be conducted to determine the credibility of the outsourcing firm. Perception of outsourcing and off shoring Outsourcing and off shoring may adversely aff ect employees and customers. One of the issues that are likely to be greatly impacted relates to loyalty. Announcement of outsourcing some functions may result in generation of negative perception regarding the employer by the employees, which may culminate in the employees losing focus hence decline the employees’ productivity. According to Elmuti, Grunewald, and Abebe (2007), outsourcing may culminate in organization downsizing some of its operations. This move may lead to some employees losing their jobs, which may adversely affect the employees’ level of loyalty to the organization due to increased job insecurity. According to Rawdan (2008), â€Å"production and other performance metrics fall in the wake of the announcement† (p.16). Elmuti, Grunewald, and Abebe (2007) further assert that increased outsourcing culminates in employees developing a perception that they are insignificant. Findings of previous studies conducted reveal that the rate of employee tu rnover is high amongst unsatisfied employees compared to satisfied employees upon implementation of outsourcing (Elmuti, Grunewald Abebe 2007). On the other hand, customers may react negatively. Some customers may have adverse perception regarding some activities being outsourced from some locations. For example, customers in the United States have developed a negative perception regarding the local firms outsourcing services from certain foreign locations. On the other hand, customers may not be willing to pay high prices for products and services in order to enable firms to attain a high level of profitability through off shoring. Conclusion The above analysis has illustrated that outsourcing is one of the aspects that organization are increasingly focusing in their strategic supply chain management practices. The IT industry is one of the economic sectors within which outsourcing is increasingly being undertaken. One of the factors that have led to an increment in the relevance of outsourcing amongst organizations relate to the changing nature of the business environment. Additionally, the increment in the intensity of competition within the business environment has also stimulated the growth of outsourcing. The evaluation conducted reveals that there are a number of advantages and disadvantages associated with outsourcing. One of the major advantages is associated with development in firms’ ability to create and protect their competitive advantage. Outsourcing enables firms to create their competitive advantage by focusing on their core competencies. By transferring some of the business activities and responsibilities to the outsourced vendor, the firm can focus and nurture its core competencies. Additionally, firms also derive competitive advantage from outsourcing by developing economies of scale. For example, the firm is in a position to reduce the cost of operation. Outsourcing provides firms with an opportunity to free up some of its resources . The freed up resources can be utilized in other avenues. For example, the firms may decide to invest such an amount in other economic avenues hence increasing the chances of achieving their profit maximization goal. Additionally, outsourcing provides firms with an opportunity to nurture their level of operational expertise. This aspect emanates from the fact that the two parties can share their expertise, which culminates in development of the firm’s competitive advantage. Risk sharing is also another major advantages associated with outsourcing. The risk sharing characteristic emanates from the fact that the outsourcing firm transfers a proportion of its business activities to the outsource dealer. Despite the aforementioned merits, there are a number of demerits associated with outsourcing. Loss of managerial control is one of the major disadvantages associated with outsourcing. The outsourcing firm may not have the capacity to control the activities of the outsourced ven dor, which means that the firm might not attain the desired results. Outsourcing may result in the quality of the product being compromised. This aspect might occur due to poor contract enforcement, which limits quality guarantee. Outsourcing also culminates in decline in the level of innovativeness and skills development amongst the employees, which arises from the fact that the employees are not challenged to undertake some of the business activities that might stimulate innovativeness and skills development. Exposure to security threats and loss of confidentiality also constitutes another disadvantage of outsourcing. This arises from the fact that the firm might be required to disclose and share some information that might compromise its competitive advantage. Increased reliance on outsourcing may lead to a decline in the level of customer and employee loyalty. Employee loyalty may be affected adversely due to increased job insecurity. On the other hand, some customers might hold negative reservations with regard to outsourcing or off shoring from certain locations. In spite of this aspect, the advantages of outsourcing outweigh the disadvantages for the advantages of outsourcing contribute towards the long-term survival of firms. On the other hand, the involved parties can address the disadvantages of outsourcing adequately through the incorporation of appropriate strategies. Reference List Bradshaw, P Hayday, B 2007, ‘Non-profit governance models: problems and prospects’, The Innovation Journal, vol.12 no.3, pp. 1-22. Dhar, S Balakrishnan, B 2006, ‘Risks, benefits, and challenges in global IT outsourcing; perspectives and practices’, Journal of Global Information Management, vol.14 no.3, pp. 1-32. Elmuti, D, Grunewald, J Abebe, D 2007, ‘Consequences of outsourcing strategies on employee quality of work life, attitudes and performance’, Journal of Business Strategies, vol.3 no.3, pp. 1-28. Gupta, A, Seshasai, S, Mu kherji, S Ganguly, A 2006, Off shoring: The transition from economic drivers towards strategic global partnership and 24 hour knowledge factory, Pace University, Bangalore. Herath, T Kishore, R 2007, ‘Offshore outsourcing: risks, challenges and potential solutions’, Journal of Information Systems Management, vol.26 no.4, pp. 312-326. Isaca, J 2006, The risk of IT practitioner guide, Rolling Meadows, Illinois. Lu, Y, Ng, T Tao, Z 2012, ‘Outsourcing, product quality and contract enforcement’, Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, vol.21 no.1, pp. 1-30. Michela, P Carlotta, M 2011, ‘Outsourcing strategies: How to formalize and negotiate the outsourcing contract’, Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, vol.20 no.1, pp. 274-77. Rawdan, M 2008, An empirical investigation of the link between transaction cost and governance structures of off shoring, ProQuest, New York. Sako, M 2005, Outsourcing and off shoring: Key tr ends and issues, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Schniederjans, M, Schniederjans, A Schniederjans, D 2005, Outsourcing and in sourcing in an international context, M.E Sharpe, Armonk. Tadelis, S 2007, ‘The innovative organization; creating value through outsourcing’, California Management Review, vol.50 no.1, pp. 261-279. Tambe, P Hitt, L 2010, ‘How off shoring affects IT workers’, Communication of The ACM, vol. 53 no.10, pp. 62-72. Tho, I 2012, Managing the risks of IT outsourcing, Routledge, New Jersey. Wee, H, Peng, S Wee, P 2010, ‘Modelling of outsourcing decisions in global supply chains: An empirical study on supplier management performance with different outsourcing strategies, ‘International Journal of Production Research, vol.48 no.7, pp. 2081-2094. Weerakkody, V Irani, Z 2010, ‘A value and risk analysis of offshore outsourcing business models; an exploratory study’, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 4 8 no.2, pp. 613-634.

How Close to the ACT Should You Take a Practice Test

How Close to the ACT Should You Take a Practice Test SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It’s extremely important to take full-length practice tests under realistic conditions when studying for the ACT. However, you need to make sure you’re getting the full benefit by spacing out the practice tests correctly. In this article, we'll discuss both the earliest and the latest you should consider taking full ACT practice tests. feature image credit: Smell!/used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original How Early Should You Take A Practice Test? There really isn’t any harm that can come out of taking a practice test long before the ACT as long as you’re planning on taking additional practice tests or studying more afterwards. In fact, taking a practice test at the very beginning of your studying is a good idea because it’ll give you an idea of what your current score would be if you took the ACT and what your weak spots are. Ideally, you’ll also take other practice tests over the course of your studying to assess your progress and determine if your studying is making a difference. If you’re only planning on taking one practice test before the real test, just to familiarize yourself with the format and instructions, then the earliest we recommend taking it is seven to eight days before your test; any earlier and you’ll start to forget things, cancelling out any value taking the practice test might have had for you. Again, this seven to eight day recommendation is assuming you’re only taking one practice test without any further studying; if you are planning on studying after taking your first practice test and taking more practice tests, then the next section of this article is more relevant for you. How Late Can You Take an ACT Practice Test? While taking realistic practice tests is an important part of ACT preparation, you don’t want to take a practice test too close to the test or it might have a bad effect on your morale (and, consequently, on your test score). If you do well on the practice test, it might artificially boost your self-confidence and cause you to make careless errors on the real test if you think you can just coast through. On the other hand, if you do poorly, it will just make you more stressed and anxious without giving you time to address those anxieties through studying, which in turn might cause you to second guess yourself and run out off time on the real test. 020/Used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. Don't let this be you on test day! The latest that you take a practice test, therefore, should be the amount of time before the test that still allows you time to review your wrong answers and do some practice drills of questions you struggle with. When exactly this is will vary from student to student, but in general, we recommend taking your last practice test no fewer than two to three days before your scheduled test date. That means that if you’re taking a test on Saturday, the last full-length realistic practice test you take should be on Wednesday or Thursday of that week. It's important to keep in mind, however, that taking a full-length practice test with realistic timing is difficult on a schoolnight; plus, you don’t get the benefits of taking the test in the morning (and getting a realistic idea of what it’ll feel like to take the test early in the day). The Saturday or Sunday before the test, then, is the last chance you have to take a fully realistic practice test. Monday-Thursday before the test, you can try taking a full test or taking it section by section with a few sections grouped together, but be wary of unrealistic conditions because you're taking it in the evening and not all at once. An hour or so of practice is helpful the day before the test, as is(for non-anxious test-takers) doing a couple of practice questions before the test. What’s Next? Now that you know when to take ACT practice tests, where can you find them? Try our massive collection of online ACT practice tests, or just go straight to our collection of free printable ACT Practice Test PDFs. Looking to invest in a book for ACT prep? Read through our rundown of the best ACT prep books here. Want to complement your collection of ACT practice tests with some sample ACT questions? We have a list of great alternative sources of ACT prep material. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice ACT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Security of Big Data Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Security of Big Data - Research Paper Example Big Data are pivotal in many organizations because it allows respective stakeholders to view and analyze data. Before the advent of Big Data, information about customers and business were overwhelming. With Big Data, stakeholders can truly take this raw information and convert into data that can assist them in making real-time decisions. The challenge in many organizations is the fact that majority of decisions are made based on estimated guesses. One of the best elements of Big Data is the fact that it reduces any ‘guesswork’. Moreover, it allows the organization to understand customer behavior in a much meaningful way. Another huge aspect of Big Data is the collaboration aspect as it allows users to interact and use this data. Imagine an organization in which the marketing department requires key reports from the technology department. Clearly, the issue of latency can be a factor that can delay essential decision making. Hence, it is only evident that securing Big Dat a is essential because it holds true information because securing data is not only regulated by compliance, but can potentially fall into wrong hands. Securing data saves organization from financial implications that can have detrimental effects for everyone. One of the worst vulnerabilities for user domains are insider attacks. Insider attacks occur. For instance, denial of service and spoofing are one the most common themes that occur. The problem is the fact that intercepting authentication or other sensitive information can be executed with the current WAN technology in Big Data. Moreover, spoofing can also be conducted since an intruder can deceive the network that it recognizes a possible unauthorized access. The problem with installing firewalls in a user domain is the fact that they are fully feasible. Insider attacks occur when one user domain gains more privilege than the other user and

Employee relations(Royal Mail) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employee relations(Royal Mail) - Essay Example It is at this time that the people started forming groups and placing their demands together. That is when the concept of union took birth and the people started getting unionized. The union started placing demand in the form of collective bargaining. There were other methods of negotiations too that were developed. It is in the following pages that this method of negotiation of conflict is discussed. the process of discussion follows the critical analysis of the success and effectiveness of the collective bargaining method from the view point of different researchers and then going on to study the other methods of negotiation. According to Aidt and Tzannatos, who studied the effect of collective bargaining on the macroeconomic environment, found that ceteris paribus the countries that have high levels of coordinated collective bargaining are accompanied by low levels of unemployment. It is found that in the countries where there is more coordinated bargaining the quality and the quantity of the job increase (Aidt and Tzannatos, 2002). In another paper the researchers argue that countries where there is high levels of bargaining there is poor performance on the economic front. However the adverse effects of the bargaining coverage can be covered by more coordinated effort towards bargaining. The researchers argue that the process of bargaining efforts is most important in times of economic growth rather than in stable economic conditions (Aidt, and Tzannatos, 2008). According to the researcher individual representation is fast becoming a fact to place ones demands in the private sector for a wide variety o f reasons. Thus the author argues that in case of modern private organization the significance of collective bargaining is on the decline (Troy, 2000).according to card the effectiveness of the collective bargaining mechanism or the fact about whether the collective

Youth Violence Essay

Youth Violence Essay Youth violence is increasing and quickly becoming one of the major concerns in American today. Frequent youth violence can be found at schoolyard, at home, outside, and everywhere in the community. Why dont people ask themselves what is making the youth today so violent, and is there anything they can do to stop this trend? Youth violence is a serious issue, and there are many factors that contribute to youth violence; they are domestic violence, negative media and gangs. The truth is if a child grows up in an unhealthy household then there will more chances for he or she to grow up to be a violent person. Every day, a child witnesses an act of violence not only on television, but also in their own home, from their parents. A home is supposed to be a safe place where children learn how to love and relate to others. However, if they usually see violence in their parents relationship, they would assume that all relationship is always filled with violence. As a result, they look at their parents and think they have the right to do that too, so they will not care what parents have to say to them and just get ideas from the streets which are not good. That is why they are dropping out of school and just hanging out with their friends, which only brings them into trouble, lead to violence. How violence in the media contributes to the many other factors that lead to violent and aggressive behavior in youth? Most of the violence is directed mainly many children and adolescents. However, not every kid who partakes of violent TV shows, movies or video games will become a violent criminal. Two common effects from media are imitation and fear. Todays youth are constantly surrounded by significant acts of violence on TV, in movies, and in video games. Many experts in education and psychology believe that children are acting out what they see. The acts can easily be reacted due to constant exposure. For many children, TV and video games have become their primary role models. Unless parents and teachers take the time and responsibility to teach children respectful values, they will learn problem solving, coping skills and conflict resolution from video role models. Another result is they would be fear from watching unrated movies. Some movies that are meant for adults can be qu ite scary for younger kids, which can cause problems later on in the socialization process. The last common reason that causes youth violence is gangs. There are many of teenagers in gang, who come from bad friends, friends in gang. The only thing they want when join there is just to prove them, to be cool; even they have to fight or kill someone to get in it the gang. That is why they are always ready to do stupid things without thinking about the results, just to let their friends know that they are acting like a hero, a big brother in their group. Another reason is they are always thinking that they are lonely in this world, they have to do everything to survive and their gang friends are only people, who they can do everything and die for. For example, there was a horrific shooting in a Vietnamese restaurant a few months ago. A young guy came into the restaurant, and then he killed all the people around a table in the corner. The reason of his action was he hated a guy in the group of those people. The list of contributing factors to violent behavior in youths is never ending. One thing that the society should remember though is that not just one single factor can be linked to youth violence. To prevent youth violence enlarge, not only an individual do, but the society also has some responsibility to it. For example, the society should limit games and videos that have many violent scenes; parents should take care of their kids much more than at the present.

Death, Tragedy and Community at Wartime Essay

Dying in War: Implications for the family, the community and the social worker Death is a phenomenon that evokes mixed reactions and views from a community. For some, it a blessed release from the trials and problems of life. To others, it may very well be the end of the world when they lose a loved one. What remains constant however is the grief, bereavement and loneliness experienced by those left behind. Even more so when death was sudden and unexpected as like what happens in times of war, disaster, and terrorist attacks. Grief goes through many stages, each stage more difficult that the last. While most people generally manage to cope with time, some experience more difficulties and tend to develop psychological and emotional problems. During the First and Second World Wars, the knock of the postman was a thing of dread. They either brought telegrams summoning the sons and fathers of families for the draft or telegrams announcing the death or loss of loved one. An estimated 8 million military personnel in 14 European countries were killed in World War I, and 14. 4 million military personnel in 17 European countries were killed in World War II (Aiken, 2001, p. 111). Parents who suddenly lose their children such as what happened to most wartime mothers with adult sons usually have a harder time coming to terms with the death of their child (Gilbert, 2005, p. 6). The loss and feelings of helplessness and anger can be intense. There is a common belief that something is wrong when a parent buries his/her child. Most parents who have experienced this report that they feel dissociation with life and everything just felt so unreal (p. 6). That it is not right that parents should survive their children is often the thought that haunts bereaved parents. What role do social workers play in times of war and terror? Social problems are defined as the challenges that face and exist in communities (Hardcastle, Powers & Wenocur, 2004, p. 62). It is the social worker’s job to help the community and its members formulate and implement solutions to these problems. Social workers usually work with problems related to economic disadvantages, illness and disability, crime and delinquency, abuse and maltreatment, service provision to special parts of the population and mental illness. All these problems call for leadership attention and trained intervention (p. 62). No situation can put all these things together more than times of war. What may be the biggest challenge to a social worker though is the task of helping a family and community deal with the sudden losses of loved ones in combat. In addition to this, they should also be prepared to cope with the rehabilitation of those who have been able to come back home but exist with scars that are not only physical but also mental and emotional. The events of September 11, 2001, though technically not a part of any formal war except the one on terror, had an impact that was not dissimilar to armed conflicts. There was confusion, anger, anxiety and above all, people who in an instant lost their loved ones. As with wartime, sudden death can only be viewed as unfair and untimely (Clements, Deranieri, Vigil & Benasutti, 2004) For example, the September 11, 2001 terror attacks left behind families and children who have lost moms and dads in that instant. Even adults and children who were indirectly affected by the attacks have grown to suffer feelings of anxiety and shattered security in their personal and familial safety (Smith & Reynolds, 2002). Besides the inevitable feelings of grief, children especially were left behind and often had to contend with nightmares and morbid pictures of the traumatic deaths their loved ones experienced as well as the stress and difficulty of trying to picture lives without mom or dad. It is also important to remember that the effects of trauma are not limited to those who suffer it directly (Sims, Hayden, Palmer & Hutchins, 2000, p. 41) The ubiquity of television also afforded children at home not only news of the attacks but also vivid pictures and descriptions of the tragedy and all its violence. This made it even more problematic for children and people who have lost loved ones in the Twin Towers and the plane crashes as coverage of each horrific scene gave them fodder for the imagination and subsequent nightmares. The case of a 7-year old boy named Johnny is cited in the study (2002) by Smith and Reynolds. : Following the 9/11 attacks, Johnny developed a constant fear of his parents leaving home and getting killed by â€Å"bad men. † He also developed a phobia of elevators and would throw tantrums whenever his parents tried to make him use one. Johnny admitted to his therapist that his fear of elevator stemmed from a story he heard of how â€Å"people in the Twin Towers were trapped and killed while riding in the elevators. † (Smith & Reynolds, 2002) Neither Johnny nor his family were directly involved or affected in the terror attack. The mental and emotional strain suffered by survivors and those affected by this very high profile event led to the American Psychiatric Association’s setting up of counseling services â€Å"focusing on grief, acute stress and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Smith & Reynolds, 2002). The difficulty that most surviving relatives meet is in the un-timeliness of death. While conventional wisdom holds that sons and fathers who go to war may not come back again, more often than not, there is a strong hope that they will be able to come home. Despite the knowledge of all the possibilities, the sudden and traumatic nature of death often creates problems among surviving relatives. They become victims in their own right. Muller and Thompson believe that the manner of death plays a vital role in determining the reaction of the survivors (Muller & Thompson, 2003). If its bad enough for people to suddenly lose their loved ones, how much more would it be for children to live and go through an environment of war and death? In his article in the Journal of Multi-cultural Counseling and Development in 2004, Clinical psychologist and Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) Gargi Roysircar relates the case of 20-year old Yugoslavian emigre Stephen, who at the age of 10 witnessed the height of the civil war between Christians and Muslims in Kosovo in 1990. In interviews with his counselor, Stephen recalls witnessing about 80% of his classmates get killed by bombs, sniper shots and gunfire as they walked to and from school. At age 14, Stephen was taken by his father to the frontlines for training in combat to fight with the Serbian army. The next two years wold take Stephen all over the Balkans and would expose him to all kinds of death, privation and war atrocities. Eventually migrating as political refugees in the United States, in 1999, Stephen demonstrated difficulty in acculturation and adjustment. The constant displacement he experienced in war along with the mistrust bred by his past and cultural paranoia fostered by the Croatian community they lived with made it difficult for Stephen to acclimatize to peacetime setting. Roysircar describes Stephen as having â€Å"recurrent thoughts and images of his violent experience in the Balkans. He experienced nightmares, hostility and a profound sense of a lack of belonging. Stephen also often recounted the difficulties he experienced including â€Å"hiding in a basement and eating rats† especially when angry. He also displays a deep-seated hatred for the Muslims and believes â€Å"the Middle East should be wiped off the face of the Earth† (Roysircar, 2004). While there may be models detailing stages of grief and recovery, social workers must be prepared for instances that do not adhere to such models. In Stephen’s case while he did not directly lose any of his close family members, he was exposed at an early age to violence and death. He has also experienced being the cause of another human being’s death as he and his father fought on the Serbian army. This is no different from the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder exhibited by American soldiers returning from Vietnam or any other area where they fought in combat. A person does not have to lose anyone in order to feel grief, bereavement and suffer any disorder that may result from it as evidenced by the little boy Johnnie and Stephen. Death in wartime is not limited to just the loss of a loved one. In a community where all able bodied men are called to arms, anybody can lose husbands, brothers, fathers and sons at any day. Families left behind are left to their own devices and imaginings of what horrors their loved ones are facing. Those who do lose family members are haunted by the manner by which their loved one died. There is also the unfortunate circumstance in war where death is an ambiguous issue. In the Vietnam War, many people were reported missing in action. The families of such people were left at an awkward and horrible position of not knowing whether they should be mourning or holding out hope for their loved one’s return (Worden, 2003, p. 40). In some cases, some families do accept the reality that their loved one may be dead and go through the entire process of mourning and recovery only to be told later that their husbands and sons were simply prisoners of war and has since been released. While ordinarily this may sound like a fairy tale ending, there may come unbridgeable gaps and tension that can only ruin relationships and lives (p. 85). On the other hand, some families may keep clinging to the hope that their loved ones are alive and therefore refuse to give way to grief and acceptance. Stacy Bannerman (2007) is one of the many army wives whose marriage was broken up by war. In her article that appeared in â€Å"The Progressive,† she relates how her once happy marriage with one of the military’s mortar platoon commanders started heading downhill with every death he caused and witnessed during his stint in Iraq. She decries the insensitivity and lack of support for military families from the National Guard. She further cites how there was an absolute lack of prompt attention to the mental and emotional needs of returning military men who more often than not suffered from PTSD like her husband, Lorin did. Because of this, there have been military men who have survived their tour of duty only to succumb to mental and emotional anguish and end up committing suicide on American soil (Bannerman, 2007). It is the soldiers, their families, and the people of Iraq that pay the human costs. The tab so far: more than 3,000 dead U. S. troops, tens of thousands of wounded, over half a million Iraqi casualties, roughly 250,000 American servicemen and women struggling with PTSD, and almost 60,000 military marriages that have been broken by this war (Bannerman, 2007). The problem here is that most of those left behind are left to cope with their own fears without the support of anybody else except family and members who are also wrapped up in their own concerns. In this case, social workers must be able to take the lead in establishing outreach and community groups so people do not have to cope and suffer in isolation. Carpenter (2002) states that the psychological well-being of the members of a community is one of the jobs of a social worker. While it is true that the trauma brought on by exposure to violence and death may be an individual process, healing and recovery needs societal support and strong relationships (Carpenter, 2002). This may become a challenge to families and communities who are dealing with their anxiety and grief. However, Carpenter reminds social workers that one of the primary goals of social work is to help empower the oppressed. Oppression in itself can take on many definitions and forms. In this particular case, it is the trauma and grief that is debilitating and oppressing the individual and the community. Social workers must also be prepared to look for signs of repressed grief. Some individuals choose to withhold and fail to express grief and therefore develop problems later in life often developing manias, paranoia and demonstrate abuse towards other people. At times, the feelings of grief or multiple losses of loved ones may lead to a â€Å"grief overload† that would cause an individual to delay grief (Worden, 2003, p. 91) The community as a social system can provide a network of support. Given the right leadership, empathy and sensitivity, it can also become a â€Å"safe† place where people can come to terms with their grief and slowly move on toward recovery. In the cases of Johnnie and Stephen, it took time before they were able to face and admit their anger, anxiety and grief at the bad things that they experienced and fear. Sometimes, self-reflection and a ready ear is all that’s necessary. As clinically trained counselors and diagnosticians, social workers are tasked with the duty of helping people recognize and understand what problems they may have. Community-wise, social workers should have enough knowledge of the community’s demographics in order to unify and create a solid network of safety and interaction that may assist troubled and grieving individuals particularly in conflict filled times such as war. Death at wartime comes in many forms. It could be the actual death of a loved one, anxiety at the possible death, loss at whether somebody is dead or not, or even those who continue to physically live but have broken spirits and permanent disabilities as a result of war wounds. Much as death is a big thing that affects not only the family but also the community as a whole, war brings with it so much more problems and issues that will undoubtedly challenge most social workers. Undertaking social work means one must be in sync with the community. By in sync, it covers everything from issues, key people, and resources that may be mobilized in times of need. War is a time of immense crisis and tragedy that the social worker must be prepared to face head on and ably lead and facilitate the processes by which the community may be transformed into a supportive societal system that each member may be able to depend on. This does not mean however that social workers cannot be affected or lose their sense of self in dealing with all these tragedies. Tsui and Cheung (2003) recommend a self-reflection on the part of the social worker in order to understand and come to terms with their own reactions and feelings to tragedies they both witness and hear about from their clients before attempting to deal further with the grief of others. They also stress that once social workers attend to their duties, they should do so intellectually yet with empathy and focus on assessing and addressing the needs of the community rather than one’s own (Tsui & Cheung, 2003) References Aiken, L. R. (2001). Dying, Death, and Bereavement (4th ed. ). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=22091057 Bannerman, S. (2007, March). Broken by This War. The Progressive, 71, 26+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5021139792 Carpenter, J. (2002). Mental Health Recovery Paradigm: Implications for Social Work. Health and Social Work, 27(2), 86+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5000778618 Gilbert, K. R. (2005). 1 When a Couple Loses a Child. In Family Stressors: Interventions for Stress and Trauma, Catherall, D. R. (Ed. ) (pp. 5-30). New York: Brunner Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=109184971 Catherall, D. R. (Ed. ). (2005). Family Stressors: Interventions for Stress and Trauma. New York: Brunner Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=109184958 Clements, P. T. , Deranieri, J. T. , Vigil, G. J. , & Benasutti, K. M. (2004). Life after Death: Grief Therapy after the Sudden Traumatic Death of a Family Member. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 40(4), 149+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5008586582 Hardcastle, D. A. , Powers, P. R. , & Wenocur, S. (2004). Community Practice: Theories and Skills for Social Workers. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=104722138 Roysircar, G. (2004). Child Survivor of War: A Case Study. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 32(3), 168+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5012181947 Sims, M. , Hayden, J. , Palmer, G. , & Hutchins, T. (2000). Working in Early Childhood Settings with Children Who Have Experienced Refugee or War-Related Trauma. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 25(4), 41. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5001127890 Smith, S. , & Reynolds, C. (2002). Innocent Lost: The Impact of 9-11 on the Development of Children. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 5(5), 12+. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5002560442 Tsui, M. , & Cheung, F. C. (2003). Dealing with Terrorism: What Social Workers Should and Can Do. Social Work, 48(4), 556+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5002045024 Worden, J. W. (2003). Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner. Hove, England: Brunner-Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=108479290

The Meaning of the Pseudonym Mark Twain

Samuel Clemens used several pseudonyms  during his long writing career. The first was simply  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Josh,† and the second was â€Å"Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass.† But, the author wrote his best-known works, including such American classics as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, under the pen name Mark Twain. Both books center on the adventures of two boys, the namesakes for the novels, on the Mississippi  River. Not surprisingly, Clemens adopted his pen name from his experiences piloting steamboats up and down the Mississippi. Navigational Term Twain literally means two. As a riverboat pilot, Clemens would have heard the term, Mark Twain, which means two fathoms, on a regular basis. According to the UC Berkeley Library, Clemens first used this pseudonym  in 1863, when he was working as a newspaper reporter in Nevada, long after his riverboat days. Clemens became a riverboat cub, or trainee, in 1857. Two years later, he earned his full pilots license and began piloting the  steamboat  Alonzo Child  upriver from New Orleans in January 1861.  His piloting career was cut short when riverboat traffic ceased at the start of the Civil War that same year. Mark Twain means  the second mark on a line that measured depth, signifying two fathoms, or 12 feet, which was a safe depth for riverboats. The method of dropping a line to determine the waters depth was a way to read the river and avoid submerged rocks and reefs that could  tear the life out of the strongest vessel that ever floated, as Clemens wrote in his 1863 novel, Life on the Mississippi.   Why Twain Adopted the Name Clemens, himself, explained in Life on the Mississippi why he chose that particular moniker for his most famous novels. In this quote, he was referring to  Horace E. Bixby, the grizzled pilot who taught Clemens to navigate the river during his two-year training phase: The old gentleman was not of literary turn or capacity, but he used to jot down brief paragraphs of plain practical information about the river, and sign them MARK TWAIN, and give them to the New Orleans Picayune. They related to the stage and condition of the river, and were accurate and valuable; and thus far, they contained no poison. Twain lived far from the Mississippi (in Connecticut) when The Adventures of Tom Sawyer was published in 1876. But, that novel, as well as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, published in 1884 in the United Kingdom and in 1885 in the United States, were so infused with images of the Mississipi River that it seems fitting that Clemens would use a pen name that so closely tied him to the river. As he navigated the rocky path of his literary career (he was beset with financial problems through much of his life), its fitting that he would choose a moniker that defined the very method riverboat captains used to safely navigate the sometimes treacherous waters of the mighty Mississippi.